scholarly journals Effects of Large and Small Transections of the Preoptic-Hypothalamic Region on Hydromineral Regulation in Rats.

1993 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 249-256 ◽  
Author(s):  
HIROSHI KAWABE ◽  
OSWALDO U. LOPES ◽  
CHERYL L. CHERNICKY ◽  
KAREN B. BROSNIHAN ◽  
TAKAO SARUTA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Hydromineral Regulation

FEMALE ENDOCRINE CONTROL MECHANISMS DURING THE NEONATAL PERIOD

1972 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 396-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.-D. Schulz ◽  
H. Haarmann ◽  
A. Harland
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Reproductive System ◽  
Rna Synthesis ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Female Reproductive System ◽  
Endocrine Control ◽  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Rna And Protein Synthesis ◽  
Physiological Dose

ABSTRACT The present investigation deals with the oestrogen-sensitivity of the female reproductive system during the neonatal period. Newborn female guinea pigs were used as test animals. At different times after a single subcutaneous injection of a physiological dose of 0.1 μg or an unphysiologically high dose of 10 μg 17β-oestradiol/100 g body weight, the RNA- and protein-synthesis was examined in the hypothalamic region, pituitary, cerebral cortex, liver, adrenal gland, ovary and uterus. With a physiological dose an increase in organ weight, protein content, RNA-and protein-synthesis was found only in the uterus. These alterations turned out to be dose-dependent. In addition to the findings in the uterus an inhibition of the aminoacid incorporation rate occurred in the liver following the injection of the high oestradiol dose. As early as 1 hour after the administration of 0.1 μg 17β-oestradiol an almost 100% increase in uterine protein synthesis was detectable. This result demonstrates a high oestrogen-sensitivity of this organ during the neonatal period. All the other organs of the female reproductive system such as the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovary did not show any oestrogen response. Therefore the functional immaturity of the uterus during post partem life is not the result of a deficient hormone sensitivity but is correlated with the absence of a sufficient hormonal stimulus at this time. The investigation on the effects of actinomycin resulted in different reactions in the uterus and liver. In contrast to the liver a paradoxical actinomycin effect was found in the uterus after treatment with actinomycin alone. This effect is characterized by a small inhibition of RNA-synthesis and a 50% increase in protein synthesis. The treatment of the newborn test animals with actinomycin and 17β-oestradiol together abolished the oestrogen-induced stimulation of the uterine RNA-and protein-synthesis. Consequently, the effect of oestrogens during the neonatal period is also connected with the formation of new proteins via an increased DNA-directed RNA-synthesis.

scholarly journals Frontiers in Vitamin Research: New Antibodies, New Data

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1226-1242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Coveñas ◽  
Arturo Mangas ◽  
Dominique Bodet ◽  
Sébastien Duleu ◽  
Pilar Marcos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Research Field ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Anatomical Distribution ◽  
Monkey Brain ◽  
Immunohistochemical Techniques

Since 2004, the anatomical distribution of vitamins in the monkey brain, studied using immunohistochemical techniques and new tools (specific antisera that discriminate different vitamins reasonably well), has been an ongoing research field. The visualization of immunoreactive structures containing vitamins (folic acid, riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxal, and vitamin C) has recently been reported in the monkey brain (Macaca fascicularis), all these vitamins showing a restricted or very restricted distribution. Folic acid, thiamine, and riboflavin have only been observed in immunoreactive fibers, vitamin C has only been found in cell bodies (located in the primary somatosensory cortex), and pyridoxal has been found in both fibers and cell bodies. Perikarya containing pyridoxal have been observed in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, the periventricular hypothalamic region, and in the supraoptic nucleus. The fibers containing vitamins are thick, smooth (without varicosities), and are of medium length or long, whereas immunoreactive cell bodies containing vitamins are round or triangular. At present, there are insufficient data to elucidate the roles played by vitamins in the brain, but the anatomical distribution of these compounds in the monkey brain provides a general idea (although imprecise and requiring much more study) about the possible functional implications of these molecules. In this sense, here the possible functional roles played by vitamins are discussed.

The anorexigenic cytokine ciliary neurotrophic factor stimulates POMC gene expression via receptors localized in the nucleus of arcuate neurons

2012 ◽  
Vol 302 (4) ◽  
pp. E458-E467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Odile Couvreur ◽  
Alain Aubourg ◽  
Delphine Crépin ◽  
Jéril Degrouard ◽  
Arieh Gertler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Cell Nucleus ◽  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Diet Induced Obesity ◽  
Food Intake Regulation ◽  
Pomc Gene ◽  
Intake Regulation

Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a neural cytokine that reduces appetite and body weight when administrated to rodents or humans. We have demonstrated recently that the level of CNTF in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), a key hypothalamic region involved in food intake regulation, is positively correlated with protection against diet-induced obesity. However, the comprehension of the physiological significance of neural CNTF action was still incomplete because CNTF lacks a signal peptide and thus may not be secreted by the classical exocytosis pathways. Knowing that CNTF distribution shares similarities with that of its receptor subunits in the rat ARC, we hypothesized that CNTF could exert a direct intracrine effect in ARC cells. Here, we demonstrate that CNTF, together with its receptor subunits, translocates to the cell nucleus of anorexigenic POMC neurons in the rat ARC. Furthermore, the stimulation of hypothalamic nuclear fractions with CNTF induces the phosphorylation of several signaling proteins, including Akt, as well as the transcription of the POMC gene. These data strongly suggest that intracellular CNTF may directly modulate POMC gene expression via the activation of receptors localized in the cell nucleus, providing a novel plausible mechanism of CNTF action in regulating energy homeostasis.

scholarly journals Obesity and cahexia as the first manifestations of craniopharingioma

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liudmila I. Astafieva ◽  
Irina S. Klochkova ◽  
Pavel L. Kalinin ◽  
Boris A. Kadashev ◽  
Aleksandr N. Konovalov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Metabolic Disorders ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Clinical Observations

The key structure in the regulation of energy homeostasis is the hypothalamus. The damage of the hypothalamic region can lead to imbalance of energy exchange with the development of obesity or cachexia. The most common metabolic disorders occur in case of craniopharyngiomas. The article presents two clinical observations of papillary craniopharyngioma in young women. Cases were accompanied by different disturbances of the energy balance, in one - with the development of obesity, in the other - cachexia.

Failure of chronic experimental hyperinsulinism to alter insulin binding to hypothalamic receptors in the rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 107 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roman B. Melnyk ◽  
J. M. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Food Restriction ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Insulin Receptors ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Insulin Levels ◽  
Lateral Area

Abstract. We have previously shown that [125I]insulin binding to medial hypothalamic receptors is attenuated following 14 days of food restriction. Such rats are characterized by considerably reduced circulating insulin levels with unchanged hypothalamic insulin concentration. The present data demonstrate that, in contrast to the effects of starvation, [125I]insulin binding to hypothalamic receptors from rats made hyperinsulinaemic by daily injections of protamine zinc insulin (4–6 U/rat/day for 14 days) is unaffected by this manipulation, even though hypothalamic insulin concentration in insulininjected animals was significantly higher than in salineinjected controls. Insulin binding to partially purified membranes from the medial hypothalamic region was significantly greater than that from the lateral area, confirming a finding in our earlier study. Insulin treatment was associated with slight reductions in maximal insulin-binding capacity of medial hypothalamic receptors, a tendency which appeared to be compensated by reciprocal changes in receptor affinity for this hormone. The data indicate that hypothalamic insulin receptors are not regulated by peripheral or even central insulin levels per se; it appears, rather, that some other, as yet unidentified, correlate(s) of significantly altered food intake and/or body weight can modify hypothalamic insulin receptor function. Perhaps such modifications could, in turn, participate in the activation of regulatory mechanisms involved in correcting energy imbalance.

Prolactin and hydromineral regulation in fishes

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 328-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.J. Lam
Keyword(s):  
Hydromineral Regulation

NUCLEOLI IN DEVELOPING HISTAMINERGIC NEURONS OF THE RAT BRAIN

2020 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Сергей Михайлович Зиматкин ◽  
Анастасия Викторовна Заерко ◽  
Екатерина Михайловна Федина
Keyword(s):  
Rat Brain ◽  
Postnatal Development ◽  
Size Structure ◽  
Postnatal Ontogenesis ◽  
Hypothalamic Nucleus ◽  
Postnatal Ontogeny ◽  
Hypothalamic Region ◽  
Postnatal Maturation ◽  
Histaminergic Neurons ◽  
White Rats

Введение. Существуют ряд физиологических, экспериментальных и патологических условий, которые могут индуцировать изменения в размере, морфологии, местоположении и количестве ядрышек в соответствии с функциональной и метаболической активностью. Одним из таких условий является постнатальное развитие клеток, в том числе и нейронов. Цель - изучение особенностей структурно-функционального становления ядрышек гистаминергических нейронов мозга крысы в постнатальном онтогенезе. Материал и методы. Работа выполнена на беспородных белых крысах (12 особей) в возрасте 5, 20 и 45 сут постнатального онтогенеза. Изучали число и размеры ядрышек в ядрах гистаминергических нейронов в ядре E2 задней гипоталамической области мозга крыс с применением электронно-микроскопических и морфометрических методик, а также - непараметрической статистики. Результаты. У крыс от 5 до 45 сут постнатального развития уменьшается число и увеличиваются размеры ядрышек в ядре гистаминергических нейронов задней области гипоталамуса, а также происходит перемещение ядрышек от кариолеммы к центру ядра. По мере взросления животных в гистаминергических нейронах происходит постепенное преобразование относительно компактных ядрышек в ретикулярные, при этом увеличивается количество фибриллярного и гранулярного компонентов, а также возрастает число и уменьшаются размеры фибриллярных центров. Кроме того, наблюдается уменьшение облака мигрирующих субъединиц рибосом между ядрышком и кариолеммой, а также количества ассоциированного с ядрышком гетерохроматина. Выводы. В ядре E2 гипоталамуса крыс в возрасте от 5 до 45 сут постнатального онтогенеза значительно изменяются число, размеры, строение и топография ядрышек в ядрах гистаминергических нейронов. Introduction. There are a number of physiological, experimental, and pathological conditions that can induce changes in the size, morphology, location, and number of nucleoli in accordance with functional and metabolic activity. One of these conditions is the postnatal maturation of cells, including neurons. Objective - to assess the characteristics of structural and functional formation of histaminergic neurons nucleoli in rat brain during postnatal ontogeny. Material and methods. The work was performed on the offspring of outbred white rats (12 rats) on the 5th, 20th and 45th days of postnatal ontogenesis. Electron microscopic, morphometric and statistical methods were used to study the number and quantity of nucleoli in the nuclei of histaminergic neurons located in the E2 nucleus of posterior hypothalamic region of rat brain. Results. From the 5th to the 45th day of the rat postnatal development, there was a decrease in the number and increase in the size of the nucleoli in the nuclei of histaminergic neurons located in the posterior hypothalamic region, as well as their movement from the karyolemma to the center of the nucleus. As animals growed up, relatively compact nucleoli in the brain histaminergic neurons gradually transformed into reticular nucleoli, while the quantity of fibrillar and granular components increased, at the same time the quantity of fibrillar centers increased and the size of fibrillar centers decreased. In addition, we detected a decrease in the cloud of migrating ribosome subunits between the nucleolus and karyolemma and in the amount of heterochromatin associated with the nucleolus. Conclusions. From the 5th to the 45th day of the postnatal development, the number, size, structure and topography of the nucleoli of the rat brain histaminergic neurons located in the E2 hypothalamic nucleus in postnatal ontogenesis changed significantly.

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