scholarly journals Epidemiological trends of iodine-related thyroid disorders: an example from Slovenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Gaberšček ◽  
Katja Zaletel
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Autonomy ◽  
Perfluorinated Chemicals ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

AbstractThe epidemiology of thyroid disorders is significantly associated with iodine supply. In 1999, Slovenia increased iodine content in kitchen salt from 10 mg to 25 mg of potassium iodide per kg of salt. According to the WHO criteria, Slovenia shifted from a mildly iodine-deficient country to a country with adequate iodine intake. Ten years after the increase in iodine intake, the incidence of diffuse goitre and thyroid autonomy decreased. Now patients with diffuse goitre and thyroid autonomy reach older age than the patients before the increase in iodine intake. In addition, patients with thyroid autonomy are less frequently hyperthyroid than ten years ago and iodine-induced hyperthyroidism is less severe. The incidence of highly malignant thyroid carcinoma has also dropped. However, the incidence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis increased, most probably in genetically predisposed individuals. Over the last ten years, many animal and in vitro studies evaluated the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) on various aspects of the thyroid function. They mostly studied the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, bisphenol A, perfluorinated chemicals, and perchlorate. However, human studies on the effects of EDCs on the thyroid function are very scarce, especially the long-term ones. What they do suggest is that PCBs and dioxins interfere with the transport of thyroid hormones and adversely affect the thyroid function. Many authors agree that iodine deficiency predisposes the thyroid gland to harmful effects of EDCs. Therefore the effects of EDCs in iodine-deficient areas could be more severe than in areas with adequate iodine intake.

Investigation of the Free and Total Thyroxine-binding Capacity of Plasma Proteins in Thyroid Disorders

1971 ◽  
Vol 10 (04) ◽  
pp. 299-304
Author(s):  
József Takó ◽  
János Fischer ◽  
Jusztina Juhász ◽  
Ilona Sztraka ◽  
István Kapus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Plasma Proteins ◽  
Binding Capacity ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Total Thyroxine

SummaryThe results of thyroid function tests have been compared with data on the thyroxine-binding capacity of plasma proteins in hyper-, hypo- and euthyroid cases, the latter including women taking oral contraceptives (Infecundin). It was found that there exists a significant correlation of exponential nature between the in vitro red blood cell 125I-triiodothyronine uptake (RCU) and the free thyroxine-binding capacity of the thyroxine-inding globulin (TBG).

scholarly journals Iodine Status and Thyroid Function in a Group of Seaweed Consumers in Norway

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3483
Author(s):  
Inger Aakre ◽  
Lidunn Tveito Evensen ◽  
Marian Kjellevold ◽  
Lisbeth Dahl ◽  
Sigrun Henjum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Concentration ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Urinary Iodine Concentration ◽  
Free Triiodothyronine ◽  
Iodine Status ◽  
Excessive Iodine

Seaweeds, or macroalgae, may be a good dietary iodine source but also a source of excessive iodine intake. The main aim in this study was to describe the iodine status and thyroid function in a group of macroalgae consumers. Two urine samples were collected from each participant (n = 44) to measure urinary iodine concentration (UIC) after habitual consumption of seaweed. Serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (fT4), free triiodothyronine (fT3), and peroxidase autoantibody (TPOAb), were measured in a subgroup (n = 19). A food frequency questionnaire and an iodine-specific 24 h recall were used to assess iodine intake and macroalgae consumption. The median (p25–p75) UIC was 1200 (370–2850) μg/L. Median (p25–p75) estimated dietary iodine intake, excluding macroalgae, was 110 (78–680) μg/day, indicating that seaweed was the major contributor to the iodine intake. TSH levels were within the reference values, but higher than in other comparable population groups. One third of the participants used seaweeds daily, and sugar kelp, winged kelp, dulse and laver were the most common species. Labelling of iodine content was lacking for a large share of the products consumed. This study found excessive iodine status in macroalgae consumers after intake of dietary seaweeds. Including macroalgae in the diet may give excessive iodine exposure, and consumers should be made aware of the risk associated with inclusion of macroalgae in their diet.

scholarly journals Review on Thyroid Disorders, Epidemiology and Treatment Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

Thyroid disorders are common overwhelming health conditions reported worldwide. The prevalence of thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is increasing in developed and developing countries including India. This is due to change in traditional foods to Besides low/insufficient iodine intake, smoking, ageing, genetic susceptibility, lifestyle, usage of new medicine, endocrine disrupting chemicals and immune status of an individual are the key determinants for thyroid disorders. This review emphasizes the various disorders of thyroid gland and, its epidemiology and treatment methods.

scholarly journals Oral iodine supplementation in very low birth weight infants. Thyroid function and Neurodevelopmental follow up at 24 months. A Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susana Ares ◽  
BELEN SAENZ-RICO ◽  
JUAN ARNAEZ ◽  
Jesus Diez-Sebastian ◽  
Felix Omeñaca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Iodine Supplementation

Abstract The trace element iodine (I) is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Premature babies need >30 µg I / kg /day (ICCIDD recommendations). Neonates and especially preterm infants are a population at risk of suffering the consequences of iodine deficiency, because of the impact of neonatal hypothyroxinemia on brain development. The main aim of this project is to prevent the mental retardation and increased risk of cerebral palsy of premature infants, which is partially caused by neonatal hypothyroxinemia. We gave Oral iodine supplementation in very premature babies during the neonatal period. Population: we included 94 infants born <1500g. Intervention group: we administered 30 µg I / kg /day of iodine in oral drops to 47 infants from first day of life until hospital discharge. Control group: 47 infants without supplements. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Samples of different formulas, maternal milk was kept for the determination of the iodine content. Interventions: Blood, food and urine samples (collected at 1, 7, 15, 21, 30 days after birth and at discharge). Measurements: milk and urine for iodine determination (Benotti method). Blood samples: for thyroid hormones (T4, free T4, T3 and TSH) and tyroglobulin. Their neurological development was assessed at 2 years of age (Bayley Test).Iodine content of mothers´ breast milk: 15 (5.0) µg I /dL (range 1-60); Infants in the supplemented group reached the recommendations from the first days of life. Infants in the control group did not reach the recommended intake of iodine to 60 days of life. We found a positive relation between iodine intake and the concentrations of thyroid hormones until 60 days of life. Conclusions: Thyroid function is related to iodine intake in preterm infants. Breast milk appears to be the best source of iodine for the premature infant. Preterm babies on formula preparations and with exclusive parenteral nutrition are at high risk of iodine deficiency. Therefore, supplements should be added if iodine intake is found to be inadequate.

scholarly journals Oral Iodine Supplementation in Very Low Birth Weigh Infants. Thyroid Function and Neurodevelopmental Follow Up at 24 Months. A Randomized Clinical Trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ares S ◽  
◽  
Arnaez J ◽  
Saenz Rico B ◽  
Diez J ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Preterm Infants ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Iodine Deficiency ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Premature Babies ◽  
Iodine Supplementation

Background: The trace element Iodine (I) is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones. Premature babies need >30μg I/kg/day (ICCIDD recommendations). Neonates and especially preterm infants are a population at risk of suffering the consequences of iodine deficiency, because of the impact of neonatal hypothyroxinemia on brain development. Aims: The main aim of this project is to prevent the mental retardation and increased risk of cerebral palsy of premature infants, which is partially caused by neonatal hypothyroxinemia. We gave Oral iodine supplementation in very premature babies during the neonatal period. Methods: Population: we included 94 infants born <1500g. Intervention group: we administered 30μg I/kg /day of iodine in oral drops to 47 infants from first day of life until hospital discharge. Control group: 47 infants without supplements. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee. Samples of different formulas, maternal milk was kept for the determination of the iodine content. Interventions: Blood, food and urine samples (collected at 1, 7, 15, 21, 30 days after birth and at discharge). Measurements: milk and urine for iodine determination (Benotti method). Blood samples: for thyroid hormones (T4, free T4, T3 and TSH) and tyroglobulin. Their neurological development was assessed at 2 years of age (Bayley Test). Results: Iodine content of mothers´ breast milk: 15 (5.0) μg I/dL (range 1-60); Infants in the supplemented group reached the recommendations from the first days of life. Infants in the control group did not reach the recommended intake of iodine to 60 days of life. We found a positive relation between iodine intake and the concentrations of thyroid hormones until 60 days of life. Conclusion: Thyroid function is related to iodine intake in preterm infants. Breast milk appears to be the best source of iodine for the premature infant. Preterm babies on formula preparations and with exclusive parenteral nutrition are at high risk of iodine deficiency. Therefore, supplements should be added if iodine intake is found to be inadequate. Acknowledgments. We are grateful to the Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (National Grant 06/1310 for financial support).

scholarly journals Iodine in drinking water varies by more than 100-fold in Denmark. Importance for iodine content of infant formulas

1999 ◽  
pp. 400-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
KM Pedersen ◽  
P Laurberg ◽  
S Nohr ◽  
A Jorgensen ◽  
S Andersen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Urinary Iodine ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Urinary Iodine Excretion ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Iodine Excretion

The iodine intake level of the population is of major importance for the occurrence of thyroid disorders in an area. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the importance of drinking water iodine content for the known regional differences in iodine intake in Denmark and for the iodine content of infant formulas. Iodine in tap water obtained from 55 different locations in Denmark varied from <1.0 to 139 microg/l. In general the iodine content was low in Jutland (median 4.1 microg/l) with higher values on Sealand (23 microg/l) and other islands. Preparation of coffee or tea did not reduce the iodine content of tap water with a high initial iodine concentration. A statistically significant correlation was found between tap water iodine content today and the urinary iodine excretion measured in 41 towns in 1967 (r=0.68, P<0.001). The correlation corresponded to a basic urinary iodine excretion in Denmark of 43 microg/24h excluding iodine in water and a daily water intake of 1.7 l. The iodine content of infant formulas prepared by addition of demineralized water varied from 37 to 138 microg/l (median 57 microg/l, n=18). Hence the final iodine content would depend heavily on the source of water used for preparation. We found that iodine in tap water was a major determinant of regional differences in iodine intake in Denmark. Changes in water supply and possibly water purification methods may influence the population iodine intake level and the occurrence of thyroid disorders.

IN VITRO UPTAKE OF RADIOACTIVE 131I LABELLED L-TRIIODOTHYRONINE BY HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES AS AN INDEX OF THYROID FUNCTION

1960 ◽  
Vol XXXIV (II) ◽  
pp. 305-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Woldring ◽  
A. Bakker ◽  
H. Doorenbos
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Incubation Time ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Human Erythrocytes ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
In Vitro Uptake

ABSTRACT The red cell triiodothyronine uptake technique as used in our hospital is described. Incubation time is of almost no importance. The temperature during incubation should be 37° C. Further improvement of the technique is obtained when all blood samples are brought up to 40 % haematocrit prior to incubation. Clinical results are discussed. It is yet too early to give a definite assessment of its clinical value, but it is definitely superior to the measurement of the BMR.

Effects of iodine excess on serum thyrotropin-releasing hormone levels and type 2 deiodinase in the hypothalamus of Wistar rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Ying Sun ◽  
Xin Du ◽  
Zhongyan Shan ◽  
Weiping Teng ◽  
Yaqiu Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
High Iodine ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
Iodine Excess ◽  
Excessive Iodine ◽  
Thyroid Hormone Biosynthesis

Abstract Iodine is an important element in thyroid hormone biosynthesis. Thyroid function is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis (HPT). Excessive iodine leads to elevated thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, but the mechanism is not yet clear. Type 2 deiodinase (Dio2) is a selenium-containing protease that plays a vital role in thyroid function. The purpose of this study was to explore the role of hypothalamus Dio2 in regulating TSH increase caused by excessive iodine and to determine the effects of iodine excess on thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) levels. Male Wistar rats were randomized into five groups and administered different iodine dosages (folds of physiological dose): normal iodine (NI), 3-fold iodine (3HI), 6-fold iodine (6HI), 10-fold iodine (10HI), and 50-fold iodine (50HI). Rats were euthanized at 4, 8, 12, or 24 weeks after iodine administration. Serum TRH, TSH, total thyroxine (TT4), and total triiodothyronine (TT3) were determined. Hypothalamus tissues were frozen and sectioned to evaluate expression of Dio2, Dio2 activity, and monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8). Prolonged high iodine intake significantly increased TSH expression (p < 0.05), but did not affect TT3 and TT4 levels. Prolonged high iodine intake decreased serum TRH levels in the hypothalamus (p < 0.05). Dio2 expression and activity in the hypothalamus exhibited an increasing trend compared at each time point with increasing iodine intake (p < 0.05). Hypothalamic MCT8 expression was increased in rats with prolonged high iodine intake(p < 0.05). These results indicate that iodine excess affects the levels of Dio2, TRH, and MCT8 in the hypothalamus.

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