scholarly journals Review on Thyroid Disorders, Epidemiology and Treatment Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Ramachandra Reddy Pamuru
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Immune Status ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Health Conditions ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Traditional Foods ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

Thyroid disorders are common overwhelming health conditions reported worldwide. The prevalence of thyroid disorders such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism is increasing in developed and developing countries including India. This is due to change in traditional foods to Besides low/insufficient iodine intake, smoking, ageing, genetic susceptibility, lifestyle, usage of new medicine, endocrine disrupting chemicals and immune status of an individual are the key determinants for thyroid disorders. This review emphasizes the various disorders of thyroid gland and, its epidemiology and treatment methods.

scholarly journals OctylPhenol (OP) Alone and in Combination with NonylPhenol (NP) Alters the Structure and the Function of Thyroid Gland of the Lizard Podarcis siculus

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosaria Sciarrillo ◽  
Mariana Di Lorenzo ◽  
Salvatore Valiante ◽  
Luigi Rosati ◽  
Maria De Falco
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Pituitary Thyroid Axis ◽  
Podarcis Siculus ◽  
Thyroid Axis ◽  
By Products

Abstract Different environmental contaminants disturb the thyroid system at many levels. AlkylPhenols (APs), by-products of microbial degradation of AlkylPhenol Polyethoxylates (APEOs), constitute an important class of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), the two most often used environmental APs being 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (4-t-OP). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects on the thyroid gland of the bioindicator Podarcis siculus of OP alone and in combination with NP. We used radioimmunoassay to determine their effects on plasma 3,3′,5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3), 3,3′,5,5′-L-thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) levels in adult male lizards. We also investigated the impacts of AP treatments on hepatic 5′ORD (type II) deiodinase and hepatic content of T3 and T4. After OP and OP + NP administration, TRH levels increased, whereas TSH, T3, and T4 levels decreased. Lizards treated with OP and OP + NP had a higher concentration of T3 in the liver and 5′ORD (type II) activity, whereas T4 concentrations were lower than that observed in the control group. Moreover, histological examination showed that the volume of the thyroid follicles became smaller in treated lizards suggesting that that thyroid follicular epithelial cells were not functionally active following treatment. This data collectively suggest a severe interference with hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis and a systemic imbalance of thyroid hormones. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Environment-Friendly Removal Methods for Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (18) ◽  
pp. 7615
Author(s):  
Xiufang Gao ◽  
Shuang Kang ◽  
Rongwei Xiong ◽  
Ming Chen
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Catalytic Efficiency ◽  
High Catalytic Activity ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Removal Technology ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Estrogen Effect

In the past few decades, many emerging pollutants have been detected and monitored in different water sources because of their universal consumption and improper disposal. Among these, endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), a group of organic chemicals, have received global attention due to their estrogen effect, toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. For the removal of EDCs, conventional wastewater treatment methods include flocculation, precipitation, adsorption, etc. However, there are some limitations on these common methods. Herein, in order to enhance the public’s understanding of environmental EDCs, the definition of EDCs and the characteristics of several typical EDCs (physical and chemical properties, sources, usage, concentrations in the environment) are reviewed and summarized in this paper. In particular, the methods of EDC removal are reviewed, including the traditional methods of EDC removal, photocatalysis, biodegradation of EDCs and the latest research results of EDC removal. It is proposed that photocatalysis and biodegradation could be used as an environmentally friendly and efficient EDC removal technology. Photocatalytic technology could be one of the water treatment methods with the most potential, with great development prospects due to its high catalytic efficiency and low energy consumption. Biodegradation is expected to replace traditional water treatment methods and is also considered to be a highly promising method for efficient removal of EDCs. Besides, we summarize several photocatalysts with high catalytic activity and some fungi, bacteria and algae with strong biodegradability.

scholarly journals Review on Hypothyroidism as per Ayurveda

The Healer ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-79
Author(s):  
Dr. Sirjana Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Thyroid Dysfunction ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Endocrine Disorder ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Contemporary Medicine ◽  
Day By Day

Hyperthyroidism is one of the most common disorder of Thyroid gland which is increasing day by day globally especially in developing countries. Ayurvedic classics have no direct reference of Hyperthyroidism. Considering various factors, it can be compared with Atyagni or Tikshnagni or Bhasmaka Roga (related to increased agni). Approaximately 300 million people worldwide are affected by thyroid dysfunction as it is a common endocrine disorder. Globally about 1-5% population are affected by hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of thyroid disorders in Nepalese population is 4.32% and among them 13.7% population has Hyperthyroidism. Available treatments of Hyperthyroidism in contemporary medicine cause lots of adverse effects and complications in the long run. So, it is very necessary to find out an effective alternative treatment for hyperthyroidism. Therefore this study was an attempt to get the understanding of disease Hyperthyroidism as per Ayurveda through various Ayurvedic principles so as to set its management strategies. Keywords: Hyperthyroidism, Atyagni, Tiksnagni, Bhasmaka rog  

scholarly journals Dietary Intake of Endocrine Disrupting Substances Presents in Environment and Their Impact on Thyroid Function

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 867
Author(s):  
Aneta Sokal ◽  
Sara Jarmakiewicz-Czaja ◽  
Jacek Tabarkiewicz ◽  
Rafał Filip
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
The Body ◽  
Placental Barrier ◽  
Biodegradable Packaging ◽  
Expression Of Genes ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
The World

According to the available data, environmental pollution is a serious problem all over the world. Between 2015 and 2016, pollution was responsible for approximately nine million deaths worldwide. They also include endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that can interfere with the functioning of the thyroid gland. They are characterized by high persistence in the environment. These substances can enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, as well as contact with the skin and overcome the placental barrier. EDC can be found in food, water, and personal care products. They can get into food from the environment and as a result of their migration to food products and cosmetics from packaging. EDCs can disrupt the functioning of the thyroid gland through a number of mechanisms, including disrupting the activation of thyroid receptors and the expression of genes that are related to the metabolism, synthesis, and transport of thyroid hormones (HT). There is a need to strengthen the food safety policy that aimed at the use of appropriate materials in direct contact with food. At the same time, an important action is to reduce the production of all waste and, when possible, use biodegradable packaging, which may contribute to the improvement of the quality of the entire ecosystem and the health of food, thus reducing the risk of developing thyroid diseases.

scholarly journals Epidemiological trends of iodine-related thyroid disorders: an example from Slovenia

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simona Gaberšček ◽  
Katja Zaletel
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Iodine Content ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Autonomy ◽  
Perfluorinated Chemicals ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

AbstractThe epidemiology of thyroid disorders is significantly associated with iodine supply. In 1999, Slovenia increased iodine content in kitchen salt from 10 mg to 25 mg of potassium iodide per kg of salt. According to the WHO criteria, Slovenia shifted from a mildly iodine-deficient country to a country with adequate iodine intake. Ten years after the increase in iodine intake, the incidence of diffuse goitre and thyroid autonomy decreased. Now patients with diffuse goitre and thyroid autonomy reach older age than the patients before the increase in iodine intake. In addition, patients with thyroid autonomy are less frequently hyperthyroid than ten years ago and iodine-induced hyperthyroidism is less severe. The incidence of highly malignant thyroid carcinoma has also dropped. However, the incidence of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis increased, most probably in genetically predisposed individuals. Over the last ten years, many animal and in vitro studies evaluated the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC) on various aspects of the thyroid function. They mostly studied the effects of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dioxins, brominated flame retardants, phthalates, bisphenol A, perfluorinated chemicals, and perchlorate. However, human studies on the effects of EDCs on the thyroid function are very scarce, especially the long-term ones. What they do suggest is that PCBs and dioxins interfere with the transport of thyroid hormones and adversely affect the thyroid function. Many authors agree that iodine deficiency predisposes the thyroid gland to harmful effects of EDCs. Therefore the effects of EDCs in iodine-deficient areas could be more severe than in areas with adequate iodine intake.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the Rejection of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds from Water Using Membrane and Membrane Bioreactor Technologies: A Review

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 392 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kamil Kayode Katibi ◽  
Khairul Faezah Yunos ◽  
Hasfalina Che Man ◽  
Ahmad Zaharin Aris ◽  
Mohd Zuhair bin Mohd Nor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Treatment Techniques ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting

Water is a critical resource necessary for life to be sustained, and its availability should be secured, appropriated, and easily obtainable. The continual detection of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) (ng/L or µg/L) in water and wastewater has attracted critical concerns among the regulatory authorities and general public, due to its associated public health, ecological risks, and a threat to global water quality. Presently, there is a lack of stringent discharge standards regulating the emerging multiclass contaminants to obviate its possible undesirable impacts. The conventional treatment processes have reportedly ineffectual in eliminating the persistent EDCs pollutants, necessitating the researchers to develop alternative treatment methods. Occurrences of the EDCs and the attributed effects on humans and the environment are adequately reviewed. It indicated that comprehensive information on the recent advances in the rejection of EDCs via a novel membrane and membrane bioreactor (MBR) treatment techniques are still lacking. This paper critically studies and reports on recent advances in the membrane and MBR treatment methods for removing EDCs, fouling challenges, and its mitigation strategies. The removal mechanisms and the operating factors influencing the EDCs remediation were also examined. Membranes and MBR approaches have proven successful and viable to eliminate various EDCs contaminants.

Effect of Polyphosphate on Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals of Nonylphenol and Bisphenol-A by Activated Carbons

2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keun J. Choi ◽  
Sang G. Kim ◽  
Chang W. Kim ◽  
Seung H. Kim
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Surface Charge ◽  
Activated Carbons ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals ◽  
Dipole Interaction ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Calcium Polyphosphate ◽  
Endocrine Disrupting ◽  
Positively Charged

Abstract This study examined the effect of polyphosphate on removal of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) such as nonylphenol and bisphenol-A by activated carbons. It was found that polyphosphate aided in the removal of nonylphenol and bisphenol- A. Polyphosphate reacted with nonylphenol, likely through dipole-dipole interaction, which then improved the nonylphenol removal. Calcium interfered with this reaction by causing competition. It was found that polyphosphate could accumulate on carbon while treating a river. The accumulated polyphosphate then aided nonylphenol removal. The extent of accumulation was dependent on the type of carbon. The accumulation occurred more extensively with the wood-based used carbon than with the coal-based used carbon due to the surface charge of the carbon. The negatively charged wood-based carbon attracted the positively charged calcium-polyphosphate complex more strongly than the uncharged coal-based carbon. The polyphosphate-coated activated carbon was also effective in nonylphenol removal. The effect was different depending on the type of carbon. Polyphosphate readily attached onto the wood-based carbon due to its high affinity for polyphosphate. The attached polyphosphate then improved the nonylphenol removal. However, the coating failed to attach polyphosphate onto the coal-based carbon. The nonylphenol removal performance of the coal-based carbon remained unchanged after the polyphosphate coating.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document