Percentile distribution of blood pressure readings in relation to body mass index: a populationbased cross-sectional study ADOPOLNOR

Abstract Recent upward trends toward elevated blood pressure and increased weight expressed in terms of body mass index in children and adolescents call for regular monitoring of their physical growth and age-related changes in blood pressure. This requires adequate tools - reference values of a normal blood pressure range. The main objective of this study was to provide sex- and BMI-specific percentile reference values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure based on the adolescent Polish population, participants in the ADOPOLNOR study. A cross-sectional survey was carried out on a representative, randomly selected cohort of 4,941; 2,451 male and 2,490 female students aged 10-18 years, residents in Wielkopolska province and its capital, the city of Poznań. All examinations were performed in school nursery rooms during morning hours according to standard procedures. Body height and weight were measured and BMI was calculated. Blood pressure was measured twice on each occasion on the right arm using a fully calibrated TECH MED TM-Z mercury gauge sphygmomanometer with sets of exchangeable cuffs and a clinical stethoscope. The blood pressure classification was determined using the surveillance method. For each participant, the mean of measurements taken on each of the three occasions was calculated and served as his/her final blood pressure value. Using the LMS method, fitted percentile curves were created for BMI-related systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The findings revealed that age related blood pressure pattern was similar in boys and girls. It showed a steady increase of systolic and diastolic blood pressure with age. There was a positive correlation between the systolic and diastolic blood pressure indicating that when systolic blood pressure increased so diastolic did (r=0.61 at p<0.01). Boys were likely to have relatively higher mean values of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and steeper slope for BMI-related change in blood pressure than girls. Similar pattern was found for age-related changes in BMI. The quotation of 3rd, 5th, 10th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th, and 97th at any given BMI between 12 kg/m2 and 35 kg/m2 provided indication of the entire variation in blood pressure of adolescent males and females aged 10-18 years. The sex- and BMI-specific reference values and charts for systolic and diastolic blood pressure may be a useful tool in monitoring blood pressure for early detection of its abnormal level and treatment of children and adolescents with high blood pressure.

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The Rate of Increase in Blood Pressure in Children 5 Years of Age Is Related to Changes in Aerobic Fitness and Body Mass Index

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.94.4.465 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 94 (4) ◽

pp. 465-470

Author(s):

Steven Shea ◽

Charles E. Basch ◽

Bernard Gutin ◽

Aryeh D. Stein ◽

Isobel R. Contento ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass ◽

Aerobic Fitness ◽

Medical Center ◽

Multiple Regression Model ◽

Age Related ◽

Rate Of Increase

Objective. To determine whether changes in aerobic fitness and body mass index are related to the age-related rise in blood pressure in healthy preschool children. Study design. Longitudinal analyses of 196 free-living children aged 5 years at baseline who were followed over a mean of 19:7 months. Aerobic fitness was assessed using a treadmill All measures were obtained on multiple occasions at scheduled visits as part of a longitudinal cohort study. Setting. An inner-city medical center. Outcome measures. Blood pressure was measured using an automated Dinamap device. Results. Mean systolic blood pressure was 95.3 mmHg (SD 8.38) at baseline and increased by 4.46 mmHg per year. Mean diastolic blood pressure was 53.9 mmHg (SD 5.81) at baseline and did not change significantly. Children in the highest quintile of increase in fitness had a significantly smaller increase in systolic blood pressure compared to children in the lowest quintile (2.92 vs 5.10 mmHg/year; P = .03). Children in the lowest quintile of increase in body mass index did not differ significantly in rate of increase in systolic blood pressure compared to children in the highest quintile (3.92 vs 4.96 mmHg/year). In a multiple regression model including baseline systolic blood pressure, fitness, height, body mass index, and other covariates, greater increase in fitness (P = .03) and lesser increase in body mass index (P < .01) were associated with lower rates of increase in systolic blood pressure. In a similar multivariate analysis, an increase in fitness was also associated with a lower rate of increase in diastolic blood pressure (P = .02) Conclusion. Young children who increase their aerobic fitness or decrease their body mass index reduce the rate of the age-related increase in blood pressure. These observations may have implications for development of interventions directed at the primary prevention of hypertension.

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Prevalence of obesity and cardiovascular risk among children and adolescents in the municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul

Sao Paulo Medical Journal ◽

10.1590/1516-3180.2013.1315518 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 131 (5) ◽

pp. 323-330 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Cezane Priscila Reuter ◽

Leandro Tibirica Burgos ◽

Marcelo Dias Camargo ◽

Lia Goncalves Possuelo ◽

Miriam Beatris Reckziegel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Cardiovascular Risk ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Cardiovascular Risk Factors ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass ◽

High Prevalence

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Studies have demonstrated that metabolic complications from child obesity, although silent, increase the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases in adulthood. The present paper sought to describe the prevalence of overweight/obesity and analyze the possible relationship between obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study, conducted in a university. METHODS: The study included 564 children and adolescents, aged 8 to 17 years. Body mass index and waist circumference were used to evaluate obesity. Other cardiovascular risk factors were evaluated, like systolic and diastolic blood pressure, glycemia, triglycerides and total cholesterol. Descriptive analysis was used for sample characterization, the chi-square test for categorical variables and Pearson's linear correlation for evaluating the relationship between obesity indicators and other cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: High prevalence of overweight/obesity was found among the schoolchildren (25.3% among the boys and 25.6% among the girls), along with abdominal obesity (19.0%). The overweight/obese schoolchildren presented higher percentages for the pressure and biochemical indicators, compared with underweight and normal-weight schoolchildren. Body mass index and waist circumference showed a weak correlation with the variables of age and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.001), but there was no correlation between these obesity indices and biochemical variables. CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of overweight/obesity and its relationship with other cardiovascular risk factors demonstrate that it is necessary to develop intervention and prevention strategies from childhood onwards, in order to avoid development of chronic-degenerative diseases in adulthood.

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Establishing percentiles for blood pressure based on absolute height for children and adolescents

BMC Pediatrics ◽

10.1186/s12887-020-02489-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Marco Cossio-Bolaños ◽

Rubén Vidal-Espinoza ◽

Felipe Castelli Correia de Campos ◽

José Sulla-Torres ◽

Wilbert Cossio-Bolaños ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Absolute Height

Abstract Background Evaluating blood pressure (BP) is one element for diagnosing and preventing disease in student populations. The objectives of this research were to (a) identify the range of height for measuring BP adjusted for student populations and (b) propose percentiles for evaluating BP based on height. Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out with 3,013 students. Weight, height, and diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressure were evaluated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Height ranges of 5 and 10 cm were generated. Results R2 values for height ranges of 5 cm consisted of [normotensive: DBP (R2 = 10 to 13%) and SBP (R2 = 14 to 20%), and for hypertensive: DBP (R2 = 0.07 to 15%) and for SBP (R2 = 29 to 32%)]. For height ranges of 10 cm, values included: [normotensive: DBP (R2 = 10 to 15%), and SBP (R2 = 15 to 21%) and for hypertensive: DBP (R2 = 0.07 to 16%) and SBP (R2 = 29 to 35%)]. For 5 cm height ranges, diferences occurred between both sexes for DBP (in 5 height ranges from 123 to 148 cm and 158 to 168 cm) and for the SBP (in 6 height ranges from 128 to 148 cm and from 158 to 168 cm). In the 10 cm categories, diferences appeared in DBP (from 138 to 148 cm) and in the SBP (from 158 to 168 cm). Conclusions Height is a determinant for evaluating blood pressure, and height ranges of 10 cm are more suitable for children and adolescents. The proposed percentiles based on height ranges allowed assessment of the DBP and SBP suggest their use in epidemiological and educational contexts.

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Association of BMI on Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure In Normal and Obese Children

Nepal Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.3126/nje.v1i3.5574 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

pp. 101-105

Author(s):

Zuhal Gundogdu

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass ◽

Age Groups ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Normal Weight ◽

Obese Children ◽

Normal Children ◽

Age Related

Background Definition of childhood overweight/obesity should aim to identify children with excess body fat in order to treat the associated adverse health outcomes. Objective To investigate relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) values in children between the ages of 6 and 14 year old. Materials and Methods Secondary data gathered from public health screening days at Child Health and Diseases Polyclinic of Kocaeli Metropolitan Municipality Maternity and Children Hospital on 1899 children. Each child was classified on the basis of age- and sex-specific Body Mass Index percentile (BMI%) as normal weight (BMI% < 85th), overweight (BMI% ≥ 85th and < 95th), or obese (BMI% ≥ 95th). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were compared among age-sex-BMI percentile groups. Results SBP and DBP values are higher in obese and overweight children compared to normal children. Among all children in this study, being overweight and obese increased the likelihood of elevated SBP and DBP values after adjusting for age. Blood pressure (BP) is increasing with increasing BMI in all age groups (6 to 14 year old) and this is also found at a young age. The same trend is also present within the normal BMI% group. Conclusions Our results show that BMI is associated with elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure in overweight and obese children as well as children in normal BMI% group. BP is increasing with increasing BMI values even in normal group but the increase is more in obese children. Hence, maintaining age related normal growth increase in the BMI in childhood is important in preventing higher BP values later in life.Keywords: Body Mass Index; BMI; Blood pressure; Children DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nje.v1i3.5574 Nepal Journal of Epidemiology 2011;1(3) 101-105

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TINGKAT STRES DAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH TERHADAP TEKANAN DARAH MAHASISWA

Jurnal Keperawatan Dirgahayu (JKD) ◽

10.52841/jkd.v3i2.195 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 9-17

Author(s):

Made Ermayani

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Systolic Blood Pressure ◽

Diastolic Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass ◽

P Value ◽

Unhealthy Lifestyle ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adult Age ◽

Stress Levels

Hypertension is a disease that can occur from a young age. Students who are in the young adult age group with an unhealthy lifestyle are prone to severe hypertension. Many risk factors for hypertension include stress levels and body mass index (BMI). Knowing that matters related to blood pressure can be used as a preventive measure to prevent complications of hypertension. This study was to determine the relationship between stress levels and body mass index with blood pressure in students of STIKES Dirgahayu Samarinda. This quantitative research was a correlation analytic study with a cross sectional study design. Purposive sampling was used for sampling method, and as an analysis, researcher used the Spearman rho test and multiple correlation test. Respondents aged 17-25 years, mostly female (82%), low socioeconomic level (47.1%), non-smokers (86.8%), exercising at least once / month (50.3%), and have a family history of hypertension (54.5%). The majority of respondents' stress levels were included in moderate anxiety (58.2%), with normal BMI values (69.3%), normal systolic blood pressure (61.9%) and normal diastolic blood pressure (48.1%). Stress level and body mass index are simultaneously related to blood pressure, both systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, with a p value of 0.000 <0.05. There is a relationship between stress levels and body mass index with the blood pressure of STIKES Dirgahayu Samarinda students.

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Measurements of adipocity and high blood pressure among children and adolescents living in Belo Horizonte

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951109990606 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (5) ◽

pp. 436-440 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Robespierre C. Ribeiro ◽

Joel A. Lamounier ◽

Reynaldo G. Oliveira ◽

Isabela M. Bensenor ◽

Paulo A. Lotufo

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Confidence Intervals ◽

Body Mass ◽

Skinfold Thickness ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Skin Thickness ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Belo Horizonte

AbstractObjectiveTo verify an association, if it exists, between obesity and blood pressure raised beyond the 90th percentile in children and adolescents, and to determine the measure of adiposity that best correlates with blood pressure in these subjects.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA school-based study in Belo Horizonte, Brazil.ParticipantsWe selected randomly 1,403 students, aged from 6 to 18 years, from 545,046 students attending 521 public and private schools. Those selected completed the study.Main measures of outcomeWe recorded the weight, height, skin fold in the triceps, subscapular, and suprailiac areas, waist and hip circumference, body-mass index, and resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures using a mercury sphygmomanometer.ResultsIn univariate analyses, body mass index greater or lesser than 85th percentile, measurements of skin thickness in the subscapular and suprailiac areas, and the sum of all measurements of skinfold thickness, were associated with both systolic and diastolic measurements of blood pressure. After multivariate analyses that adjusted for all measurements of adiposity except itself, and age, race, and socioeconomic state, we found that the increased body mass index was associated with a 3.6-fold increased frequency of elevated systolic measurements of blood pressure, with 95% confidence intervals from 2.2 to 5.8, and a 2.7-fold increased frequency of elevated measurements of diastolic blood pressure, with 95% confidence intervals from 1.9 to 4.0.ConclusionsBody-mass index serves as a better predictor of elevated blood pressure among children than do local measurements of adiposity.

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Establishing percentiles for blood pressure based on absolute height for children and adolescents

10.21203/rs.3.rs-56075/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Cossio-Bolaños ◽

Ruben Vidal-Espinoza ◽

Felipe Castelli Correia de Campos ◽

Jose Sulla-Torres ◽

Wilbert Cossio-Bolaños ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Absolute Height

Abstract Background: Evaluating blood pressure (BP) is one element for diagnosing and preventing disease in student populations. The objectives of this research were to a) identify the range of height for measuring BP adjusted for student populations and b) propose percentiles for evaluating BP based on height.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 3,013 students. Weight, height, and diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressure were evaluated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Height ranges of 5 and 10 cm were generated.Results: R2 values for height ranges of 5 cm consisted of [normotensive: DBP (R2=10 to 13%) and SBP (R2=14 to 20%), and for hypertensive: DBP (R2=0.07 to 15%) and for SBP (R2=29 to 32%)]. For height ranges of 10cm, values included: [normotensive: DBP (R2=10 to 15%), and SBP (R2=15 to 21%) and for hypertensive: DBP (R2= 0.07 to 16%) and SBP (R2=29 to 35%)]. For 5 cm height ranges, diferences occurred between both sexes for DBP (in 5 height ranges from 123 to 148 cm and 158 to 168 cm) and for the SBP (in 6 height ranges from 128 to 148 cm and from 158 to 168 cm). In the 10 cm categories, diferences appeared in DBP (from 138 to 148 cm) and in the SBP (from 158 to 168 cm).Conclusion: Height is a determinant for evaluating blood pressure, and height ranges of 10 cm are more suitable for children and adolescents. The proposed percentiles based on height ranges allowed assessment of the DBP and SBP suggest their use in epidemiological and educational contexts.

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Establishing percentiles for blood pressure based on absolute height for children and adolescents

10.21203/rs.3.rs-56075/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Marco Cossio-Bolaños ◽

Ruben Vidal-Espinoza ◽

Felipe Castelli Correia de Campos ◽

Jose Sulla-Torres ◽

Wilbert Cossio-Bolaños ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Body Mass ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Absolute Height

Abstract Background: Evaluating blood pressure (BP) is one element for diagnosing and preventing disease in student populations. The objectives of this research were to a) verify the range of height for measuring BP adjusted for student populations and b) propose percentiles for evaluating BP based on height.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with 3,013 students. Weight, height, and diastolic (DBP) and systolic (SBP) blood pressure were evaluated. Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated. Height ranges of 5 and 10 cm were generated.Results: R2 values for height ranges of 5 cm consisted of [normotensive: DBP (R2=10 to 13%) and SBP (R2=14 to 20%) and for hypertensive: DBP (R2=0.07 to 15%) and SBP (R2=29 to 32%)]. For height ranges of 10cm, values included: [normotensive: DBP (R2=10 to 15%) and SBP (R2=15 to 21%) and for hypertensive: DBP (R2= 0.07 to 16%) and SBP (R2=29 to 35%)]. For 5 cm height ranges, diferences occurred between both sexes for DBP (in 5 height ranges from 123 to 148 cm and 158 to 168 cm) and for the SBP ( in 6 height ranges from 128 to 148 cm and from 158 to 168 cm). In the 10 cm categories, diferences appeared in DBP (from 138 to 148 cm) and in the SBP (from 158 to 168 cm).Conclusion: Height is a determinant for evaluating blood pressure, and height ranges of 10 cm are more suitable for children and adolescents. The proposed percentiles based on height ranges allowed assessment of the DBP and SBP suggest their use in epidemiological and educational contexts.

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KEJADIAN PENYAKIT HIPERTENSI DAN INDEKS MASSA TUBUH PADA PEREMPUAN YANG TINGGAL DI PEDESAAN DAN PERKOTAAN

Jurnal Kesehatan Kusuma Husada ◽

10.34035/jk.v10i2.388 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 127-136

Author(s):

Venti Agustina

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Body Mass ◽

Rural Women ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Stage I ◽

Normal Body Mass Index ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Normal Body ◽

Stadium I

Hipertensiadalah penyebab kematian utama di Indonesia. Kematian akibat hipertensi lebih banyak terjadi di perkotaan dibandingkan di desa. Tingginya kejadian hipertensi dipengaruhi oleh faktor yang dapat dikontrol (obesitas,berat badan lebih, konsumsi garam berlebih,aktivitas fisik rendah, perokok, dan konsumsi alkohol) dan faktor yang tidak dapat dikontrol (genetik, usia, dan jenis kelamin). Penelitian bertujuan memberikan gambarandistribusi tekanan darah dan indeks massa tubuh (IMT) pendudukperempuan di kota maupun di desa.Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif kuatitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Data primer didapatkan melalui pengukuran tekanan darah, tinggi badan dan berat badan. Penelitian dilakukan di Desa Kutowinangun Kidul, Kecamatan Tingkir,Salatiga yang mewakili penduduk perempuan di perkotaan dan Desa Batur, Kecamatan Getasan, Kabupaten Semarangyang mewakili penduduk perempuan pedesaan. Adapun jumlah sampel masing-masing 66 respondendan 72responden. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kejadian penyakit hipertensi, resiko obese dan obese lebih didominasi oleh respondendi perkotaan dibandingkan di pedesaan dengan rentang usia di atas 46 tahun. Respondendi desa dengan indeks massa tubuh normal cenderung mengalami pre-hipertensi (8,3%) dan hipertensi stadium I (6,9%) sementararesponden dengan resiko obese dan obese cenderung mengalami hipertensi stadium I (1,4%).Respondendi kota dengan indeks massa tubuh normal cenderung mengalami pre hipertensi (6,06%), hipertensi stadium I (4,5%) dan II (7,5%). Responden dengan resiko obese cenderung mengalami hipertensi stadium I (4,5%), dan responden dengan obese I dan II cenderung mengalami pre-hipertensi (4,5%). Hypertension is the leading cause of death in Indonesia. Deaths due to hypertension are more common in urban areas than in villages. The high incidence of hypertension is influenced by factors that can be controlled (obesity, overweight, excessive salt consumption, low physical activity, smokers, and alcohol consumption) and factors that cannot be controlled (genetic, age, and sex). The study aimed to provide an overview of blood pressure distribution and body mass index (BMI) of female residents in cities and villages. The study design was descriptive quantitative with a cross sectional approach. Primary data was obtained through measurements of blood pressure, height and weight. The study was conducted in Kutowinangun Kidul Village, Tingkir Subdistrict, Salatiga representing women in urban areas and Batur Village, Getasan Subdistrict, Semarang Regency, representing rural women. The number of samples was 66 respondents and 72 respondents respectively. The results showed that the incidence of hypertension, the risk of obese and obese was more dominated by respondents in urban areas than in rural areas with ages above 46 years. Respondents in villages with normal body mass index tended to experience pre-hypertension (8.3%) and stage I hypertension (6.9%) while respondents with obese and obese risk tended to experience stage I hypertension (1.4%). Respondents in cities with normal body mass index tended to experience pre-hypertension (6.06%), stage I hypertension (4.5%) and II (7.5%). Respondents with obese risk tended to experience stage I hypertension (4.5%), and respondents with obese I and II tended to experience pre-hypertension (4.5%).

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