scholarly journals Lexical Borrowing, Categorization, and Mental Representation

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-61
Author(s):  
Attila Benő
Keyword(s):  
Mental Representation ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
The Creation

AbstractThe article argues that lexical borrowing is not only motivated by cultural factors linked to prestige or economical aspects but also by the speakers’ need for new lexical-semantic categories and for highly expressive metaphorical terms to operate with, which makes them borrow words. The semantic changes of the lexical borrowings point to the creation of new items in the semantic fields of the receiving language. The integration of borrowings into Hungarian and Romanian exemplifies these processes.

Buchnąć z futrówy, odpypić z ponsy – about vocabulary from the category „cheating” in student jargon from the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
Jarosław Pacuła
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article presents the history of the student jargon. The author describes the vocabulary used in the period: second-half the 19th century – first half the 20th century; the lexis belongs to the thematic category „cheating”. In the text the reader gets to know theses: 1) the lexis discussed is the root cause of one of the most extensive lexical-semantic categories of the student jargon in the post-partition period (after the period of the Partitions of Poland); 2) in former student language a shared store of the vocabulary exists – this group is independent of the administrative dependence of schools; 3) we notice much former vocabulary in the contemporary jargon; 4) we will notice jargon words in the general Polish in the 19th century; 7) we can see the participation of criminal jargon from the 19th century.

scholarly journals LEXICAL-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF THE ENGLISH TERMINOLOGY OF OIL AND GAS SPHERE

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (9(77)) ◽  
pp. 164-168
Author(s):  
Mariana Shtohryn ◽  
Myroslava Muchka
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Process Equipment ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Oil And Gas Production ◽  
Heterogeneous Model ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Semantic Categories

The lexical-semantic features of the English terms of oil and gas sphere are considered. Attention is drawn to the phraseological and metaphorical features that are characteristic of the terms of the oil and gas industry. It has been revealed that English oil and gas terminology is built on a heterogeneous model, that is, the result of the interaction of several areas of human knowledge. It includes geological, geophysical, geochemical terms, as well as terms related to drilling, washing, fastening and cementing of oil and gas wells, development of oil and gas fields, underground hydraulics, oil and gas production, processing methods, pipeline terminology, offshore drilling terminology, economic terminology. It is has been found out that the semantic categories of English oil and gas terminology are evidence that the terminology under study reflects a particular sphere of human activity that can be structured in some way by the means of language. In this process, the human factor is important. On the one hand, it is inherent in each of the categories, and serves as a basis for subjectivity in identifying the peculiarities of the content.The semantic categories of English oil and gas terminology are analyzed. These include: Human, Process, Equipment, Substance, Method, and Characteristics. The study showed that among the English oil and gas terms formed by metaphorization, we can distinguish terms conventionally grouped under the following lexical-semantic groups: “Parts of the human body”, “World of animals and birds”, “Clothes”, “Society”, “Cooking”, “Construction”, “Nature”, “Traveling”, “Weapon”, “Tool”, “Geometric figure”, “Hunting”, “Fishing”, “Medicine”, “Furniture” та “Quality”.

scholarly journals (Non)pandemic Youth Speak. On Lexical-Semantic Tendencies in the Polish Language of the Youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 69 (5 Zeszyt specjalny) ◽  
pp. 155-174
Author(s):  
Anna Wileczek
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
New Words ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Linguistic Awareness ◽  
Cultural Preferences ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Polish Language ◽  
Language Norms

This article presents the latest lexical tendencies in the language of contemporary Polish youth. The directions of the dominance of certain meanings were analysed on the basis of the submissions for the Youth Word of the Year contest (2020), as well as the online slang dictionary miejski.pl. The data obtained comes from natural users of the language and is based on their linguistic awareness and intuition. Dominant semantic fields were distinguished, namely human, interpersonal relationships, attitudes towards life, cultural preferences, etc. Coining new terms in these areas is accompanied by expressiveness, humour, and playing with language norms. Despite the occurrence of new words connected with the Covid-19 pandemic, they have not been widely represented among those lexical and semantic units considered interesting and worth mentioning.

scholarly journals Semantic Memory and Lexical Availability in Parkinson’s Disease: A Statistical Learning Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan F. Cardona ◽  
Johan S. Grisales-Cardenas ◽  
Catalina Trujillo-Llano ◽  
Jesús A. Diazgranados ◽  
Hugo F. Urquina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Semantic Memory ◽  
Classification Accuracy ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Semantic Fluency ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
Semantic Fields ◽  
Living Things

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes a progressive impairment in motor and cognitive functions. Although semantic fluency deficits have been described in PD, more specific semantic memory (SM) and lexical availability (LA) domains have not been previously addressed. Here, we aimed to characterize the cognitive performance of PD patients in a set of SM and LA measures and determine the smallest set of neuropsychological (lexical, semantic, or executive) variables that most accurately classify groups. Thirty early-stage non-demented PD patients (age 35–75, 10 females) and thirty healthy controls (age 36–76, 12 females) were assessed via general cognitive, SM [three subtests of the CaGi battery including living (i.e., elephant) and non-living things (i.e., fork)], and LA (eliciting words from 10 semantic categories related to everyday life) measures. Results showed that PD patients performed lower than controls in two SM global scores (picture naming and naming in response to an oral description). This impairment was particularly pronounced in the non-living things subscale. Also, the number of words in the LA measure was inferior in PD patients than controls, in both larger and smaller semantic fields, showing a more inadequate recall strategy. Notably, the classification algorithms indicated that the SM task had high classification accuracy. In particular, the denomination of non-living things had a classification accuracy of ∼80%. These results suggest that frontostriatal deterioration in PD leads to search strategy deficits in SF and the potential disruption in semantic categorization. These findings are consistent with the embodied view of cognition.

Faith, hope and clarity? A new church for the unhoused

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Cronin
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Irish Society ◽  
Dominant Discourse ◽  
The Future ◽  
Equal Sharing ◽  
The Creation

Michael Cronin opens this chapter by observing that the greatest threat to Irish society has been the dominant discourse of neo-liberalism and the Market, which has come to be the deity to which all must bend. The Irish Church has traditionally been associated with a regime of fear and punishment, which is somewhat paradoxical given that the founding message of Christianity is one of hope, of the end of fear. In Cronin’s view, a more radical move for a Church, which has been brought to its knees by a multiplicity of cultural factors, would be to embrace empathy and a politics of hope, which might consist of no longer saying ‘No’, but ‘Yes’. The affirmation of justice for all, a more equal sharing of wealth, the creation of a climate where difference is embraced, these are the life-affirming and Christian principles on which the future of Irish Catholicism should be based.

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