scholarly journals Dos mundos conectados: Cómo la exposición al estrés social nos hace más vulnerables al consumo de drogas

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Montagud-Romero ◽  
Marina D. Reguilón ◽  
Marta Rodriguez-Arias
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Powerful Effect ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

Stress is one of the main risk factors that can induce humans to develop disorders such as depression, anxiety, or drug use. One of the main sources of stress is social interaction, which can lead to situations such as bullying at school or at work. In this article we will review the close relationship between exposure to stressful situations and increased cocaine or alcohol use. We will present the main results obtained with animal models, which allow us to study the brain mechanisms involved in the impact of stress on drug use. To conclude, we will detail the main mechanisms that explain the powerful effect of stress on drug use.

Animal models of alcohol use disorder and the brain: From casual drinking to dependence.

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole A. Crowley ◽  
Nigel C. Dao ◽  
Sarah N. Magee ◽  
Alexandre J. Bourcier ◽  
Emily G. Lowery-Gionta
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Alcohol Use Disorder ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Does parental permissiveness toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use influence illicit drug use among adolescents? A longitudinal study in seven European countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emina Mehanović ◽  
Federica Vigna-Taglianti ◽  
Fabrizio Faggiano ◽  
Maria Rosaria Galanti ◽  
Barbara Zunino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Longitudinal Data ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
European Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Purpose Adolescents’ perceptions of parental norms may influence their substance use. The relationship between parental norms toward cigarette and alcohol use, and the use of illicit substances among their adolescent children is not sufficiently investigated. The purpose of this study was to analyze this relationship, including gender differences, using longitudinal data from a large population-based study. Methods The present study analyzed longitudinal data from 3171 12- to 14-year-old students in 7 European countries allocated to the control arm of the European Drug Addiction Prevention trial. The impact of parental permissiveness toward cigarettes and alcohol use reported by the students at baseline on illicit drug use at 6-month follow-up was analyzed through multilevel logistic regression models, stratified by gender. Whether adolescents’ own use of cigarette and alcohol mediated the association between parental norms and illicit drug use was tested through mediation models. Results Parental permissive norms toward cigarette smoking and alcohol use at baseline predicted adolescents’ illicit drug use at follow-up. The association was stronger among boys than among girls and was mediated by adolescents’ own cigarette and alcohol use. Conclusion Perceived parental permissiveness toward the use of legal drugs predicted adolescents’ use of illicit drugs, especially among boys. Parents should be made aware of the importance of norm setting, and supported in conveying clear messages of disapproval of all substances.

scholarly journals A Critical Evaluation of Current Concepts in Cerebral Palsy

Physiology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-229 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joline E. Brandenburg ◽  
Matthew J. Fogarty ◽  
Gary C. Sieck
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Spastic Cerebral Palsy ◽  
Diagnostic Symptoms ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain

Spastic cerebral palsy (CP), despite the name, is not consistently identifiable by specific brain lesions. CP animal models focus on risk factors for development of CP, yet few reproduce the diagnostic symptoms. Animal models of CP must advance beyond risk factors to etiologies, including both the brain and spinal cord.

Modifying Pro-Drug Risk Factors in Adolescents: Results From Project ALERT

2004 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar ◽  
Douglas L. Longshore ◽  
Phyllis L. Ellickson ◽  
Daniel F. McCaffrey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Eighth Graders ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Drug Prevention ◽  
School Environments ◽  
School Based ◽  
Drug Risk ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a revised state-of-the-art drug prevention program, Project ALERT, on risk factors for drug use in mostly rural midwestern schools and communities. Fifty-five middle schools from South Dakota were randomly assigned to treatment or control conditions. Treatment-group students received 11 lessons in Grade 7 and 3 more in Grade 8. Effects for 4,276 eighth graders were assessed 18 months after baseline. Results indicate that Project ALERT had statistically significant effects on all the targeted risk factors associated with cigarette and marijuana use and more modest gains with the pro-alcoholrisk factors. The program helped adolescents at low, moderate, and high risk for future use, with the effect sizes typically stronger for the low- and moderate-risk groups. Thus, school-based drug prevention programs can lower risk factors that correlate with drug use, help low- to high-risk adolescents, and be effective in diverse school environments.

Local Option, Alcohol and Crime

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 791-816 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen B. Billings
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
County Level ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Panel Models ◽  
Local Option ◽  
The Impact

Abstract With the end of National Prohibition in 1933, 30 states gave counties and municipalities the local option to continue alcohol restrictions. Currently, 10% of U.S. counties still maintain a ban on some or all alcohol. Since the Prohibition movement advanced on the association between alcohol use and criminal behavior, this research examines the impact of county-level alcohol restrictions on multiple types of crime across five U.S. states. Standard panel models show a positive relationship between local option policy changes to allow alcohol and crime. The novelty of this research involves comparing the impact of alcohol restrictions across crimes classified by the degree to which an offense is often committed under the influence of alcohol. Results highlight impacts across a number of crime categories with crimes commonly committed under the influence of alcohol as well as crimes involving drug use and even crimes associated with obtaining alcohol all increasing when counties allow the sale and consumption of alcohol.

Street drug use during pregnancy: potential programming effects on preschool wheeze

2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 191-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Alton ◽  
S. C. Tough ◽  
P. J. Mandhane ◽  
A. L. Kozyrskyj
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Perinatal Care ◽  
Maternal Distress ◽  
Substance Abusing ◽  
Prenatal Programming ◽  
Questionnaire Data ◽  
Independent Association ◽  
The Impact

Street drug use during pregnancy is detrimental to fetal development. Although the prevalence of wheeze is high in offspring of substance-abusing mothers, nothing is known about the role of street drug use during pregnancy in its development. We investigated the impact of maternal street drug use and distress during pregnancy on the development of wheeze and allergy in preschool children. Questionnaire data were accessed from the Community Perinatal Care trial of 791 mother–child pairs in Calgary, Alberta. Using logistic regression, the association between maternal substance use and distress during pregnancy, and wheeze and allergy at age 3 years was determined in boys and girls. After adjusting for alcohol use during pregnancy, pre- and postnatal tobacco use, preterm birth, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, daycare attendance and maternal socioeconomic status, maternal street drug use during pregnancy [odds ratio (OR): 5.02, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30–19.4] and severe maternal distress during pregnancy (OR: 5.79, 95% CI: 1.25–26.8) were associated with wheeze in girls. In boys, an independent association was found between severe distress during pregnancy (OR: 3.85, 95% CI: 1.11–13.3) and allergies, but there was no association with maternal street drug use. In conclusion, we found an association between maternal street drug use and wheeze in preschool girls that could not be accounted for by maternal distress, smoking or alcohol use during pregnancy. Prenatal programming effects of street drugs may explain this association.

Exercise and the brain in multiple sclerosis

2020 ◽  
pp. 135245852096909
Author(s):  
Brian M Lozinski ◽  
V Wee Yong
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Physical Activity ◽  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Physically Active ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

While people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) historically were advised to avoid physical activity to reduce symptoms such as fatigue, they are now encouraged to remain active and to enlist in programs of exercise. However, despite an extensive current literature that exercise not only increases physical well-being but also their cognition and mental health, many PwMS are not meeting recommended levels of exercise. Here, we emphasize the impact and mechanisms of exercise on functional and structural changes to the brain, including improved connectome, neuroprotection, neurogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and remyelination. We review evidence from animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS) that exercise protects and repairs the brain, and provide supportive data from clinical studies of PwMS. We introduce the concept of MedXercise, where exercise provides a brain milieu particularly conducive for a brain regenerative medication to act upon. The emphasis on exercise improving brain functions and repair should incentivize PwMS to remain physically active.

scholarly journals FUNCTIONAL LIMITATION IN LATER LIFE: THE IMPACT OF SIPS, SOCIALIZATION, AND SADNESS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S565-S565
Author(s):  
Rosanna Scott ◽  
Chelsea Wiener ◽  
Daniel Paulson
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Social Interaction ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Selection Bias ◽  
Functional Limitation ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Moderate Drinking ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Recent studies posit discrepant impacts of alcohol use on health outcomes. Potential reasons for contrasting results include: (1) selection bias involved in classifying individuals as “abstainers” or “drinkers,” (2) unexamined demographic variables associated with alcohol use, and (3) unaddressed mechanisms of action. Given new studies identifying socialization as a mediator between alcohol use and health outcomes, this study examines social interaction and depressive symptoms, respectively, as serial mediators in the relationship between moderate alcohol use and functional limitation, while employing methods to reduce selection bias. HRS data from 2012 and 2014 were utilized (n=1,902); heavy drinkers, adults younger than 65, and respondents with inconsistent alcohol use from 2008 to 2014 were excluded. Hypotheses were evaluated using a longitudinal serial mediation model with bias-corrected bootstrapping. Results indicated that, in the context of demographic variables, medical burden, and previous functional limitation, the beneficial relationship between moderate alcohol use and future functional limitation is only present when considering social interaction and depressive symptoms as mediators, both individually and serially (variance accounted for=39.4%). There was no direct effect of moderate alcohol use on functional limitation outside the context of these mediators. Data indicate that previously suggested relationships between moderate drinking and reduced functional limitation are better explained through increased social interaction and subsequent reduced depressive symptoms. Results identify social interaction as an accessible treatment target to prevent/reduce depressive symptoms and functional limitation in later-life, and support increased assessment of IADLs in adults experiencing depressive symptoms to facilitate early treatment/prevention of functional limitation.

scholarly journals Dose–Response Relationships between Levels of Alcohol Use and Risks of Mortality or Disease, for All People, by Age, Sex and Specific Risk Factors

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2652
Author(s):  
Jürgen Rehm ◽  
Pol Rovira ◽  
Laura Llamosas-Falcón ◽  
Kevin D. Shield
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Dose Response ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Alcohol Policy ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Genetic Constitution ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
The Impact

Alcohol use has been causally linked to more than 200 disease and injury conditions, as defined by three-digit ICD-10 codes. The understanding of how alcohol use is related to these conditions is essential to public health and policy research. Accordingly, this study presents a narrative review of different dose–response relationships for alcohol use. Relative-risk (RR) functions were obtained from various comparative risk assessments. Two main dimensions of alcohol consumption are used to assess disease and injury risk: (1) volume of consumption, and (2) patterns of drinking, operationalized via frequency of heavy drinking occasions. Lifetime abstention was used as the reference group. Most dose–response relationships between alcohol and outcomes are monotonic, but for diabetes type 2 and ischemic diseases, there are indications of a curvilinear relationship, where light to moderate drinking is associated with lower risk compared with not drinking (i.e., RR < 1). In general, women experience a greater increase in RR per gram of alcohol consumed than men. The RR per gram of alcohol consumed was lower for people of older ages. RRs indicated that alcohol use may interact synergistically with other risk factors, in particular with socioeconomic status and other behavioural risk factors, such as smoking, obesity, or physical inactivity. The literature on the impact of genetic constitution on dose–response curves is underdeveloped, but certain genetic variants are linked to an increased RR per gram of alcohol consumed for some diseases. When developing alcohol policy measures, including low-risk drinking guidelines, dose–response relationships must be taken into consideration.

Risk Factors Associated with Nonfatal Opioid Overdose Leading to ICU Admission: A Cross-sectional Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avijit Mitra ◽  
Hiba Ahsan ◽  
Wenjun Li ◽  
Weisong Liu ◽  
Robert D. Kerns ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clinical Variables ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Admission Data ◽  
Icd Codes

BACKGROUND Opioid overdose (OD) and related deaths have significantly increased in the United States over the last two decades. Existing studies have mostly focused on demographic and clinical risk factors in noncritical care settings. Social and behavioral determinants of health (SBDH) are infrequently coded in the electronic health record (EHR) and usually buried in unstructured EHR notes, reflecting possible gaps in clinical care and observational research. Therefore, SBDH often receive less attention despite being important risk factors for OD. Natural language processing (NLP) can alleviate this problem. OBJECTIVE The objectives of this study were two-fold: first, we examined the usefulness of NLP for SBDH extraction from unstructured EHR text, and second, for intensive care unit (ICU) admissions, we investigated risk factors including SBDH for nonfatal OD. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of admission data from the EHR of patients in the ICU of Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center between 2001 and 2012. We used patient admission data and International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) diagnoses to extract demographics, nonfatal OD, SBDH and other clinical variables. In addition to obtaining SBDH information from the ICD codes, an NLP model was developed to extract six SBDH variables from EHR notes, namely, Housing insecurity, Unemployment, Social isolation, Alcohol use, Smoking, and Illicit drug use. We adopted a sequential forward selection process to select relevant clinical variables. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the associations with nonfatal OD and relative risks were quantified as covariate-adjusted odds ratio (aOR). RESULTS The strongest association with nonfatal OD was found to be drug use disorder (aOR = 8.17, 95% CI = 5.44-12.27), followed by bipolar disorder (aOR = 2.69, 95% CI = 1.68-4.29). Among others, major depressive disorder (aOR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.12-5.88), being on Medicaid health insurance program (aOR = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.43-3.58), history of illicit drug use (aOR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.15-3.79), and current use of illicit drugs (aOR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.20-3.55) were strongly associated with increased risk of nonfatal OD. Conversely, Blacks (aOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.28-0.94), older age groups (40-64: aOR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.44-0.96, 64<: aOR = 0.16, 95% CI = 0.08-0.34) and those with tobacco use disorder (aOR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.32-0.89) and alcohol use disorder (aOR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.42-1.00) had decreased risk of nonfatal OD. Moreover, 99.82% of all SBDH information was identified by the NLP model, in contrast to only 0.18% identified by the ICD codes. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to analyze the risk factors for nonfatal OD in an ICU setting using NLP-extracted SBDH from EHR notes. We found several risk factors associated with nonfatal OD including SBDH. SBDH are richly described in EHR notes, supporting the importance of integrating NLP-derived SBDH into OD risk assessment. More studies in ICU settings can help health care systems better understand and respond to the opioid epidemic.

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