scholarly journals Zeamatin-Like Protein (ZLP) Gene is Associated with Resistance against A. niger in Maize (Zea mays L.)

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
A.M. Sajjad ◽  
T. Bahsir ◽  
S. Saeed ◽  
M. Iqbal ◽  
S. Islam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Related Proteins

Abstract Maize (Zea mays L.) constitutes one of the most important crops worldwide with multi-billion dollar annual revenue. The plant is however a good substrate for growth, development and activity of filamentous fungi. A large number of fungal species causes spoilage and accumulation of mycotoxins. Plants restrict the hyphal growth by producing pathogenesis related proteins. So far 17 groups of such proteins are identified. PR-5 group comprises of the thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), which have diverse modes of actions and act at various stages of fungal attack. Zeamatin-like protein (ZLP) is a member of TLPs, which is basically localized in seeds with enhanced expression during physiological growth and cellular differentiation. However a basal quantity is found in the leaves of many crop plants. Here we report the response of maize plant tissues against A. niger inoculation by measuring the variation in expression profile of a zeamatin-like gene. Conventional PCR coupled with RT-qPCR identifies a significant change in the expression magnitude of ZLP in pre- and post-inoculated plant samples. SDS-PAGE, followed by antimicrobial activities against A. niger, E.coli, P. aeruginosa, B. cereus, S. aureus and S. typhimurium, however, do not register a direct relationship with enhancement in gene expression. It is in line with the fact that response to pathogenesis in plants is a multigenic activity involving a series of responsible/induced genes. The assay developed is useful in primary sorting out of the maize hybrids with respect to their resistance against Aspergillus spp., especially in areas with high rate of incidence of fungal pathogenesis.

scholarly journals The Maize Lethal Leaf Spot 1 Mutant Has Elevated Resistance to Fungal Infection at the Leaf Epidermis

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1110-1118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Simmons ◽  
Sabine Hantke ◽  
Susan Grant ◽  
Gurmukh S. Johal ◽  
Steven P. Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Hyphal Growth ◽  
Leaf Epidermis ◽  
Puccinia Sorghi ◽  
Leaf Maturity ◽  
Pathogenesis Related ◽  
Lesion Number ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Germination And Growth

The maize lethal leaf spot 1 (lls1) mutant exhibits enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens. The lls1 resistance to Cochliobolus heterostrophus has two components: (i) lesion number is reduced 40% relative to wild type; and (ii) the lesions that do form often do not contain viable fungus. This lesion sterility is dependent upon leaf maturity and light, whereas reduced lesion number is not. The lls1 lesions express pathogenesis-related proteins at high levels, so lesion sterility likely results from activation of defense systems and necrosis. Reduced lesion number is correlated with a reduction of C. heterostrophus spore germination, hyphal growth, and haustoria formation on the leaf epidermis. The rust pathogen Puccinia sorghi has reduced pustule formation on lls1, and its germination and growth are also slowed on the epidermis. However, after entering the mesophyll through stomata, P. sorghi can form pustules on lls1, and even green islands within necrotic lls1 lesions. In situ mRNA hybridization shows that Lls1 is predominantly expressed in the leaf epidermis, coincident with the site of resistance in the mutant.

scholarly journals GENETIC VARIATION OF MAIZE GENOTYPES (ZEA MAYS L.) DETECTED USING SDS-PAGE

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 1086-1089
Author(s):  
Martin Vivodík ◽  
Želmíra Balážová ◽  
Zdenka Gálová ◽  
Lenka Petrovičová
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Sds Page

Optimised nitrogen fertiliser management achieved higher diversity of arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi and high-yielding maize (Zea mays L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaojing Wang ◽  
Xinxin Wang ◽  
Gu Feng
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Agricultural Landscapes ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Amf Diversity ◽  
Intensively Managed ◽  
Amf Communities

The integrated soil–crop system management (ISSM) approach can potentially mitigate the loss of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, ensuring crop yield with lower nitrogen (N) fertiliser input and minimised environmental pollution. The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that overuse of N fertiliser could reduce the biodiversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and that ISSM could help to maintain higher AMF biodiversity than the conventionally managed system in maize (Zea mays L.). The AMF community composition under three different treatments (conventionally managed, N-optimised and non-N-fertilised fields) was assessed by using both spore-based morphological taxonomy and DNA-based T-RFLP fingerprinting approaches. Maize roots in intensively managed fields formed functioning mycorrhizal symbioses even when a high rate of N fertiliser was applied. AMF diversity was higher under optimised N input, whereas AMF richness decreased when more N fertiliser was used. The N-optimised farms had AMF communities similar to those in the conventionally managed fields. The ISSM approach is recommended for sustaining crop yields without incurring continuing environmental costs and for maintaining AMF communities in intensively managed agro-ecosystems, especially in rapidly developing countries.

scholarly journals Analysis of Water Stress in Different Varieties of Maize (Zea mays L.) at the Early Seedling Stage

2020 ◽  
pp. 15-24
Author(s):  
Kiran Ramesh Pawar ◽  
Sopan Ganpatrao Wagh ◽  
Pravin Prakash Sonune ◽  
Sakshi Raju Solunke ◽  
Shubham Babanrao Solanke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Morphological Variability ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Tolerance Index ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Maize Varieties

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a widely grown crop with a high rate of photosynthetic activity due to its C4 pathway leading to higher yields of grain and a potential for biomass. It is predominantly cross-pollinated crop, a feature that has contributed to its wide morphological variability and geographical adaptability. Abiotic stress such as drought stress negatively affects plant growth and development. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of drought stress on the morphological and biochemical content of seven different maize varieties. Here we have tested 7 different varieties of maize from the Marathwada region of Maharshtra, India. One week old plants have been affected by drought stress. After one week of drought stress, the plants were subjected to various morphometric and biochemical tests. The results showed that water stress treatment significantly affects root length, shoot length and fresh biomass of seven different varieties, i.e. TMMH 806, NMH 1008, DELTA 10V30, INDAM 1122, SRIKAR 3555, DKC 9141, SGA. Drought stress also had a negative impact on chlorophyll and proline content. Result further exhibited that based on drought tolerance index, variety SRIKAR 3555 could be ranked as drought tolerant and NMH 1008 as drought-sensitive, while remaining cultivator ranked as drought intermediates.

scholarly journals CHARACTERIZATION OF AN Spm-CONTROLLED BRONZE-MUTABLE ALLELE IN MAIZE

Genetics ◽  
1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (4) ◽  
pp. 769-779
Author(s):  
Oliver E Nelson ◽  
Anita S Klein
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Mutable Allele ◽  
Anthocyanin Production ◽  
Seed Phenotype

ABSTRACT The association of a receptor (Rs) of the Spm system with a Bz-1 allele has created a two-element Spm-controlled bz-mutable allele (bz-m13) of maize (Zea mays L.). In the absence of Spm, one copy of bz-m13 (bz/bz/bz-m13) conditions full anthocyanin production in the aleurone layer of the seed. In the presence of this Spm, bz-m13 produces a unique, coarsely variegated seed phenotype and has a high rate (50–83%) of gametic change to stable bz′ or Bz′ derivatives. Even one copy of a Bz′ derivative allele conditions full anthocyanin production in the aleurone, but the enzyme (UFGT) level of the progenitor Bz-1 allele is not restored in most Bz′ derivatives.

scholarly journals Identification and Characterisation of Seed-Borne Fungal Pathogens Associated with Maize (Zea mays L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
M. L. Goko ◽  
J. C. Murimwa ◽  
E. Gasura ◽  
J. T. Rugare ◽  
E. Ngadze
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Aspergillus Parasiticus ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Aspergillus Tamarii ◽  
Maize Seeds ◽  
Plating Method

A research study was conducted to identify and characterise seed-borne fungal pathogens associated with maize (Zea mays L.) in storage. Seed-borne fungal pathogenic infections of maize were studied using seed samples collected from Gokwe South District in Zimbabwe. The agar plating method using PDA medium was used to detect fungal pathogens on the maize seeds. A total of 150 treatments were used for this experiment, which were replicated three times in a randomised complete block design (RCBD). Analysis of the grain showed the presence of Fusarium moniliforme, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium citrinum, and mostly Aspergillus species, namely, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus tamarii. Significant differences ( p  < 0.05) between treatments were detected for the pathogens. A total of ten samples were used for mycotoxin determination, and all of them were 100% positive with aflatoxin total, zearalenone, fumonisin, and deoxynivalenol (DON) having an average of 0.255 ppb, 2.425 ppb, 2.65 ppb, and 0.07 ppb, respectively. The present study showed that most grain samples are contaminated with different species of fungi with mycotoxigenic potential. The data on the diversity and magnitude of pathogen infection by fungal species will have a significant effect even at the regional level for predicting the extent of pre- and postinfections. Measures to reduce mycotoxin contamination are needed for maize grains.

scholarly journals Mycoflora of grain maize (Zea mays L.) stored in traditional storage containers (gombisa and sacks) in selected woredas of Jimma zone, Ethiopia

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (62) ◽  
pp. 8676-8694
Author(s):  
B Dubale ◽  
◽  
A Solomon ◽  
B Geremew ◽  
G Sethumadhava Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Germination Percentage ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
Storage Container ◽  
Jimma Zone ◽  
Storage Containers ◽  
Storage Structures

Mycoflora of maize (Zea mays L.) grain (Variety: Bako Hybrid-660) stored in two traditional storage containers (Gombisa and Sacks) for 180 days was studied for mycoflora in two agro-ecologies, that is Intermediate and Lowland, with altitude ranges of 1500-2500 meters above sea level, and 1000-1500 meters above sea level, respectively, in Jimma zone, Ethiopia. The temperature and relative humidity were observed for identifying fungi species which can flourish and cause maximum deterioration to maize grains. Significant (P<0.05) decreases in germination rate of the grains were observed with time under each storage method for both the low and intermediate altitude ranges. Germination percentage reduced from 98% and 97.5% to 68.5% and 80.5% for grains stored in Gombisa and Sacks, respectively. Storage type significantly (p<0.05) affected seed germination under intermediate agro-ecology whereas no significant (p>0.05) effect was observed under lowland agro-ecology due to storage container type. One sterile white mycelium and a total number of eight species of fungi viz., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus tereus, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Drechslera halodes, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium chrysogenum were identified from maize grain at the beginning and during storage. The most common fungi recorded from both agroecologies in the two storage structures were A. flavus, A. niger, D. halodes and F.oxysporum. These fungi were recorded from 90, 51, 72 and 44 percentage of the seed samples, respectively. In the districts of both intermediate and lowland agro-ecology these fungi were consistently recorded throughout 180 days, during storage. A. fumigatus was detected in3.6% of samples while C. cladosporioides observed in 15% of the samples. Fungal species A. tereus and Penicillium were recorded in 0.5% of samples in selected districts of Jimma. These fungal species were known to cause deterioration of maize and are a health risk to humans and animals due to the toxins they potentially produce.

Banding urea and lignosulfonate in corn (Zea mays L.) production and 15N recovery

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thamir Alkanani ◽  
Angus. F. MacKenzie
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
High Rate ◽  
15N Recovery ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Band Placement

The use of urea in corn (Zea mays L.) production is common. Under current N fertilizer recommendations for corn, urea may have adverse effects on corn growth when applied in a band. The effects of ammonium lignosulfonate (LS) on corn growth and on N uptake from the banded application of urea and diammonium phosphate (DAP) mixtures were investigated on two soils from eastern Quebec. Field experiments were initiated in the first week of May 1991 on an Ormstown silty clay and a Ste. Rosalie clay soils (fine, mixed, nonacid, mesic Typic Humaquepts). Treatments were two rates of urea (30 and 90 kg urea-N ha−1) in combination with DAP (14 kg N ha−1), with or without banded fertilizer solutions of LS (8 kg N ha−1) applied at planting 5 cm to the side and 3 cm below the seed. A no treatment control was included. The low rate of urea and DAP (no LS added) resulted in a 19 and 24% increase in grain yield at the Ste. Rosalie and Ormstown, respectively, when compared with the unfertilized plots. When compared with the unfertilized treatment, the high rate of urea and DAP (no LS added) caused 10% increase in grain yield. However, addition of LS to the high rate of urea and DAP increase grain yield by band 20%. In general, LS significantly increased corn N uptake from urea on both soils. Separate 15N field experiments were initiated in June 1991. Mean recovery of 15N in total dry matter (grain and stover) was 51.9% in Ormstown and 47.9% in Ste. Rosalie soil. Denitrification estimates, calculated as 15N not accounted for, were not affected by LS and the rate of banded urea-N. Immobilization of 15N ranged from 17.8% to 30.9% of the applied labelled urea. The rate of urea-N banded had no significant effect on immobilization, but LS resulted in significantly less 15N immobilized. These observations suggest that LS can reduce the biological immobilization of urea-N and increase the efficiency of urea fertilizer by reducing the negative effects of banding high levels of urea, while attaining benefits of band placement. Key words: Lignosulfonate, corn, urea, 15N

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