Design of an environmentally friendly fuel based on a synthetic composite nano-catalyst through parameter estimation and process modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aysar T. Jarullah ◽  
Sarmad K. Muhammed ◽  
Ban A. Al-Tabbakh ◽  
Iqbal M. Mujtaba
Keyword(s):  
Process Modeling ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Nano Catalyst ◽  
Light Gas Oil

Abstract In this paper, oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is studied for the purpose of removing the sulfur components from light gas oil (LGO) via experimentation and process modeling. A recently developed (by the authors) copper and nickel oxide based composite nano-catalyst is used in the process. The ODS experiments are conducted in a batch reactor and air is used as an oxidizer under moderate operation conditions. Determination of the kinetic parameters with high accuracy is necessary of the related chemical reactions to develop a helpful model for the ODS operation giving a perfect design of the reactor and process with high confidence. High conversion of 92% LGO was obtained under a reaction temperature of 413 K and reaction time of 90 min for synthesized Cu Ni /HY nano-catalyst. Here model based optimization technique incorporating experimental data is used to estimate such parameters. Two approaches (linear and non-linear) are utilized to estimate the best kinematic parameters with an absolute error of less than 5% between the predicted and the experimental results. An environmentally friendly fuel is regarded the main goal of this study, therefore the optimization process is then employed utilizing the validated model of the prepared composite nano-catalyst to get the optimal operating conditions achieving maximum conversion of such process. The results show that the process is effective in removing more than 99% of the sulfur from the LGO resulting in a cleaner fuel.

scholarly journals Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Luisa Rodríguez De Luna ◽  
R. E. Ramírez-Garza ◽  
Sergio O. Serna Saldívar
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Natural Antioxidants ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Kinetic Mechanisms ◽  
High Yields

The flavonoids are compounds synthesized by plants, and they have properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial, among others. One of the most important bioactive properties of flavonoids is their antioxidant effect. Synthetic antioxidants have side toxic effects whilst natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids from natural sources, have relatively low toxicity. Therefore, it is important to incorporate flavonoids derived from natural sources in several products such as foods, cosmetics, and drugs. For this reason, there is currently a need to extract flavonoids from plant resources. In this review are described the most important parameters involved in the extraction of flavonoids by unconventional methods such as ultrasound, pressurized liquid extraction, mechanochemical, high hydrostatic pressure, supercritical fluid, negative pressure cavitation, intensification of vaporization by decompression to the vacuum, microwave, infrared, pulsed electric field, high-voltage electrical discharges, and enzyme-assisted extraction. There are no unified operation conditions to achieve high yields and purity. Notwithstanding, progress has been achieved in the development of more advanced and environmentally friendly methods of extraction. Although in literature are found important advances, a complete understanding of the extraction process in each of the unconventional techniques is needed to determine the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms that govern each of the techniques.

scholarly journals Hydrotreatment Followed by Oxidative Desulfurization and Denitrogenation to Attain Low Sulphur and Nitrogen Bitumen Derived Gas Oils

Catalysts ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 645 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandeep Badoga ◽  
Prachee Misra ◽  
Girish Kamath ◽  
Ying Zheng ◽  
Ajay Dalai
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Space Velocity ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Gas Oil ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heavy Gas Oil ◽  
Light Gas Oil

To lower the sulphur content below 500 ppm and to increase the quality of bitumen derived heavy oil, a combination of hydrotreating followed by oxidative desulfurization (ODS) and oxidative denitrogenation (ODN) is proposed in this work. NiMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst was synthesized and used to hydrotreat heavy gas oil (HGO) and light gas oil (LGO) at typical operating conditions of 370–390 °C, 9 MPa, 1–1.5 h−1 space velocity and 600:1 H2 to oil ratio. γ-Alumina and alumina-titania supported Mo, P, Mn and W catalysts were synthesized and characterized using X-ray diffractions, N2 adsorption-desorption using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) method, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). All catalysts were tested for the oxidation of sulphur and nitrogen aromatic compounds present in LGO and HGO using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant. The oxidized sulphur and nitrogen compounds were extracted using adsorption on activated carbon and liquid-liquid extraction using methanol. The determination of oxidation states of each metal using XPS confirmed the structure of metal oxides in the catalyst. Thus, the catalytic activity determined in terms of sulphur and nitrogen removal is related to their physico-chemical properties. In agreement with literature, a simplistic mechanism for the oxidative desulfurization is also presented. Mo was found to be more active in comparison to W. Presence of Ti in the support has shown 8–12% increase in ODS and ODN. The MnPMo/γ-Al2O3-TiO2 catalyst showed the best activity for sulphur and nitrogen removal. The role of Mn and P as promoters to molybdenum was also discussed. Further three-stage ODS and ODN was performed to achieve less than 500 ppm in HGO and LGO. The combination of hydrotreatment, ODS and ODN has resulted in removal of 98.8 wt.% sulphur and 94.7 wt.% nitrogen from HGO and removal of 98.5 wt.% sulphur and 97.8 wt.% nitrogen from LGO.

scholarly journals Multiobjective Optimal Control of FOPID Controller for Hydraulic Turbine Governing Systems Based on Reinforced Multiobjective Harris Hawks Optimization Coupling with Hybrid Strategies

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenlong Fu ◽  
QiPeng Lu
Keyword(s):  
Latin Hypercube Sampling ◽  
Hydraulic Turbine ◽  
Parameter Tuning ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Problems ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Load Disturbance ◽  
Multiobjective Optimal Control ◽  
Fractional Order Pid

The controlling parameter tuning of the hydraulic turbine governing system (HTGS) is always deduced under single operating condition and is not suitable for the changeable operating conditions of the hydraulic turbine. For this purpose, multiobjective optimization problem of fractional order PID (FOPID) controller for HTGS is constructed through the consideration of no-load disturbance and on-load disturbance operation conditions, where the performance indicators of integral time absolute error (ITAE) under both operation conditions are employed as the objective functions. To achieve the optimum, the multiobjective version of newly proposed Harris hawks optimization (MOHHO) is established to solve the optimization issue. Additionally, hybrid strategies which include Latin hypercube sampling initialization, modified differential evolution operator, and mutation operator are coupled into MOHHO (HMOHHO) to promote the global searching capability. Simultaneously, the linear model of rabbit energy within MOHHO is replaced with a nonlinear one to further enhance the searching capacity. Subsequently, the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed HMOHHO are verified by several multiobjective UF and ZDT test problems. Finally, the practical application and contrastive analysis ascertain that the constructed multiobjective problem of FOPID controller is suitable for HTGS under changeable operating conditions, and the proposed HMOHHO is effective in solving the issue.

A new synthetic composite nano-catalyst achieving an environmentally Friendly fuel by batch oxidative desulfurization

2020 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 405-416
Author(s):  
Aysar T. Jarullah ◽  
Sarmad K. Aldulaimi ◽  
Ban A. Al-Tabbakh ◽  
Iqbal M. Mujtaba
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Desulfurization ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Nano Catalyst

Dynamics of phosphorus and organic substrates in anaerobic and aerobic phases of a sequencing batch reactor

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Carucci ◽  
M. Majone ◽  
R. Ramadori ◽  
S. Rossetti
Keyword(s):  
Sequencing Batch Reactor ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
General Assumption ◽  
Organic Substrate ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Substrate Uptake ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Polyphosphate Metabolism

This paper describes a lab-scale experimentation carried out to study enhanced biological phosphate removal (EBPR) in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The synthetic feed used was based on peptone and glucose as organic substrate to simulate the readily biodegradable fraction of a municipal wastewater (Wentzel et al., 1991). The experimental work was divided into two runs, each characterized by different operating conditions. The phosphorus removal efficiency was considerably higher in the absence of competition for organic substrate between P-accumulating and denitrifying bacteria. The activated sludge consisted mainly of peculiar microorganisms recently described by Cech and Hartman (1990) and called “G bacteria”. The results obtained seem to be inconsistent with the general assumption that the G bacteria are characterized by anaerobic substrate uptake not connected with any polyphosphate metabolism. Supplementary anaerobic batch tests utilizing glucose, peptone and acetate as organic substrates show that the role of acetate in the biochemical mechanisms promoting EBPR may not be so essential as it has been assumed till now.

scholarly journals Optimization of MCM-41 Mesoporous Material Mixed Matrix Polyethersulfone Membrane for Dye Removal

Membranes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 414
Author(s):  
Rana J. Kadhim ◽  
Faris H. Al-Ani ◽  
Qusay F. Alsalhy ◽  
Alberto Figoli
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Mesoporous Material ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mixed Matrix ◽  
Pareto Chart ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Pes Membrane ◽  
Wasted Energy ◽  
Mcm 41

The aim of this work is the optimization of the operating conditions under which MCM-41-mesoporous material can be incorporated into polyethersulfone (PES)/MCM-41 membranes for nanofiltration (NF) applications. MCM-41 mesoporous material mixed matrix PES membranes have the potential to reduce membrane fouling by organic dye molecules. Process optimization and modeling aim to reduce wasted energy while maintaining high flow during the operation to handle the energy efficiency problems membranes often have. An optimization technique was applied to obtain optimum values for some key parameters in the process to produce a certain amount of flux above the desired values. Response surface methodology (RSM) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used as mathematical and statistical analyses to improve the performance of the process on a larger scale. This work investigated the influence of the operating parameters, such as the feed pH values (3–11), MCM-41 content (0–1 wt.%), and the feed dye concentration (10–100 ppm) for each of the two studied dyes, acid black 210 (AB-210) and rose bengal (RB), and their interactions on the PES membrane permeability. The results showed that the PES membrane had the best performance at 64.25 (L·m−2·h−1·bar-1) and 63.16 (L·m−2·h−1·bar-1) for the AB-210 and RB dyes, respectively. An MCM-41 content of nearly 0.8 wt.% in the casting solution, feed dye concentration of 10 ppm for the studied dyes, and feed pH of 3 for the RB dye was found to be the optimal parameters for eliciting the response. The pH had no significant influence on the response for the AB-210 dye, while the pH shows some minor effects on response with the RB dye, and the Pareto chart of the standardized effects on the permeation flux of both dyes using statistically significant at the 5% significance level support these results.

scholarly journals A Tamper-Resistant Algorithm Using Blockchain for the Digital Tachograph

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 581
Author(s):  
Yongbae Kim ◽  
Juyong Back ◽  
Jongweon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Communication ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
External Memory ◽  
Data Recording ◽  
Storage Devices ◽  
Suggested Algorithm ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Verification Test

A tachograph in a vehicle records the vehicle operating conditions, such as speed, distance, brake operation conditions, acceleration, GPS information, etc., in intervals of one second. For accidents, the tachograph records information, such as the acceleration and direction of a vehicle traveling in intervals of 1/100 s for 10 s before and after the accident occurs as collision data. A vehicle equipped with a tachograph is obliged to upload operation data to administrative organizations periodically via other auxiliary storage devices like a USB attached external memory or online wireless communication. If there is a problem with the recorded contents, data may be at risk of being tampered with during the uploading process. This research proposed tamper-resistant technology based on blockchain for data in online and offline environments. The suggested algorithm proposed a new data recording mechanism that operates in low-level hardware of digital tachographs for tamper-resistance in light blockchains and on/offline situations. The average encoding time of the proposed light blockchain was 1.85 ms/Mb, while the average decoding time was 1.65 ms/Mb. With the outliers in statistical tests removed, the estimated average encoding and decoding time was 1.32 ms/Mb and 1.29 ms/Mb, respectively, and the tamper verification test detected all the tampered data.

scholarly journals Modeling of a Real-Life Industrial Reactor for Hydrogenation of Benzene Process

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Mirosław K. Szukiewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Kaczmarski
Keyword(s):  
Catalyst Activity ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Reactor Operation ◽  
Reactor Model ◽  
High Scale ◽  
Industrial Reactor ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Insight Into

A dynamic model of the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexane reaction in a real-life industrial reactor is elaborated. Transformations of the model leading to satisfactory results are presented and discussed. Operating conditions accepted in the simulations are identical to those observed in the chemical plant. Under those conditions, some components of the reaction mixture vanish, and the diffusion coefficients of the components vary along the reactor (they are strongly concentration-dependent). We came up with a final reactor model predicting with reasonable accuracy the reaction mixture’s outlet composition and temperature profile throughout the process. Additionally, the model enables the anticipation of catalyst activity and the remaining deactivated catalyst lifetime. Conclusions concerning reactor operation conditions resulting from the simulations are presented as well. Since the model provides deep insight into the process of simulating, it allows us to make knowledge-based decisions. It should be pointed out that improvements in the process run, related to operating conditions, or catalyst application, or both on account of the high scale of the process and its expected growth, will remarkably influence both the profits and environmental protection.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document