Environmentally Friendly Methods for Flavonoid Extraction from Plant Material: Impact of Their Operating Conditions on Yield and Antioxidant Properties

The flavonoids are compounds synthesized by plants, and they have properties such as antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial, among others. One of the most important bioactive properties of flavonoids is their antioxidant effect. Synthetic antioxidants have side toxic effects whilst natural antioxidants, such as flavonoids from natural sources, have relatively low toxicity. Therefore, it is important to incorporate flavonoids derived from natural sources in several products such as foods, cosmetics, and drugs. For this reason, there is currently a need to extract flavonoids from plant resources. In this review are described the most important parameters involved in the extraction of flavonoids by unconventional methods such as ultrasound, pressurized liquid extraction, mechanochemical, high hydrostatic pressure, supercritical fluid, negative pressure cavitation, intensification of vaporization by decompression to the vacuum, microwave, infrared, pulsed electric field, high-voltage electrical discharges, and enzyme-assisted extraction. There are no unified operation conditions to achieve high yields and purity. Notwithstanding, progress has been achieved in the development of more advanced and environmentally friendly methods of extraction. Although in literature are found important advances, a complete understanding of the extraction process in each of the unconventional techniques is needed to determine the thermodynamic and kinetic mechanisms that govern each of the techniques.

Download Full-text

Valorization of Natural Antioxidants for Nutritional and Health Applications

10.5772/intechopen.96111 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Pedro Ferreira-Santos ◽

Zlatina Genisheva ◽

Claudia Botelho ◽

Cristina Rocha ◽

José António Teixeira

Keyword(s):

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Health Benefit ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

In Vivo Studies

The significant increase in the world population age, 47 years in 1950 to 73 years in 2020, resulted in an increase in aging related diseases as well as in degenerative diseases. In consequence, researchers have been focusing in the development of new therapies, with a particular emphasis on the use of compounds with antioxidant properties, namely phytochemicals, such as polyphenols and carotenoids. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the phytochemicals antioxidant capacity. Their use is broad, as they can be part of food supplements, medicine and cosmetics. The health benefit of antioxidant phytochemicals is an indisputable question. Phytochemical properties are highly influenced by the natural matrix as well as by extraction process, which have a key role. There are several extraction methods that can be applied depending on the chemical properties of the bioactive compounds. There is a wide range of solvents with different polarities, which allows a selective extraction of the desired target family of compounds. Greener technologies have the advantage to reduce extraction time and solvent quantity in comparison to the most traditional methods. This chapter will focus on the different green extraction strategies related to the recovery of antioxidant bioactive compounds from natural sources, their nutritional and health potential.

Download Full-text

New natural antioxidants

Independent Journal of Management & Production ◽

10.14807/ijmp.v11i3.938 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 967

Author(s):

Florian Ion Tiberiu Petrescu ◽

Relly Victoria Virgil Petrescu ◽

Eleni Mimi Buzea

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Enzymes ◽

Free Radicals ◽

Significant Role ◽

Human Body ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

The Body ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Optimal Health

Antioxidants are, no doubt, an essential part of an optimal health and even traditional doctors support the importance of an appropriate contribution of antioxidants taken through food. Antioxidants are a category of molecules able to inhibit the oxidation of other molecules. The body distributes various nutrients in the body due to their antioxidant properties and also factory antioxidant enzymes to keep under control the reaction in the chain of free radicals. Some antioxidants are produced by the body, but others don't. In addition, the body's natural ability to produce antioxidants decreases with age. Antioxidants play a significant role for health as it may influence the aging by fighting free radicals. There are antioxidants which can’t be produced in the human body, and to be taken through antioxidant-rich foods, or supplements powerful antioxidant. The paper aims to present some natural sources of oxidants that can be obtained through diet.

Download Full-text

Rosehip extraction: Process optimization and antioxidant capacity of extracts

Open Chemistry ◽

10.2478/s11532-013-0395-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 502-508 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

George Angelov ◽

Stanislava Boyadzhieva ◽

Silviya Georgieva

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Processing Parameters ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Raw Material ◽

Active Components ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Fruit Skin ◽

Capacity Data

AbstractThis article examines the extraction of rosehip to study the recovery of a number of compounds with antioxidant properties (polyphenols, flavonoids, and β-carotene). Two varieties of rosehip, cultivated and wild are used as raw material. A detailed study of the process kinetics at different operating conditions is carried out in order to determine appropriate processing parameters, which results in extracts with higher content of target compounds and higher antioxidant capacity. Data on the concentration of active components in the different parts of the fruit (skin, seeds, and pappi) are also obtained, which gives information about their distribution within the fruit. The comparison of wild and cultivated varieties demonstrates the better quality of the cultivated one. The results are useful for production of improved and enriched rosehip extracts with higher content of antioxidant substances that have proven beneficial effects on the human health.

Download Full-text

Optimization of Flavonoid Extraction from Red and Brown Rice Bran and Evaluation of the Antioxidant Properties

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23081863 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1863 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ali Ghasemzadeh ◽

Ali Baghdadi ◽

Hawa Z. E. Jaafar ◽

Mallappa Swamy ◽

Puteri Megat Wahab

Keyword(s):

Rice Bran ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Brown Rice ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Red Rice ◽

Flavonoid Content ◽

Accurate Analysis ◽

Pigmented Rice ◽

Flavonoid Compounds

Recently, the quality-by-design concept has been widely implemented in the optimization of pharmaceutical processes to improve batch-to-batch consistency. As flavonoid compounds in pigmented rice bran may provide natural antioxidants, extraction of flavonoid components from red and brown rice bran was optimized using central composite design (CCD) and response surface methodology (RSM). Among the solvents tested, ethanol was most efficient for extracting flavonoids from rice bran. The examined parameters were temperature, solvent percentage, extraction time, and solvent-to-solid ratio. The highest total flavonoid content (TFC) in red rice bran was predicted as 958.14 mg quercetin equivalents (QE)/100 g dry matter (DM) at 58.5 °C, 71.5% (v/v), 36.2 min, and 7.94 mL/g, respectively, whereas the highest TFC in brown rice bran was predicted as 782.52 mg QE/100 g DM at 56.7 °C, 74.4% (v/v), 36.9 min, and 7.18 mL/g, respectively. Verification experiment results under these optimized conditions showed that the TFC values for red and brown rice bran were 962.38 and 788.21 mg QE/100 g DM, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the predicted and experimental TFC values, indicating that the developed models are accurate. Analysis of the extracts showed that apigenin and p-coumaric acid are abundant in red and brown rice bran. Further, red rice bran with its higher flavonoid content exhibited higher nitric oxide and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities (EC50 values of 41.3 and 33.6 μg/mL, respectively) than brown rice bran. In this study, an extraction process for flavonoid compounds from red and brown rice bran was successfully optimized. The accuracy of the developed models indicated that the approach is applicable to larger-scale extraction processes.

Download Full-text

Application of numerical modelling to scaling-up of electrically induced extraction from an organic mixture using an ionic liquid

Chemical and Process Engineering ◽

10.1515/cpe-2016-0013 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 133-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kamil Kamiński ◽

Laurence R. Weatherley ◽

Jerzy Petera

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquid ◽

Numerical Modelling ◽

Azeotropic Distillation ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Liquid Extraction ◽

Simulation Software ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Organic Mixture ◽

Liquid Liquid Extraction

Abstract Liquid-liquid extraction provides an environmentally friendly process as an alternative to azeotropic distillation, pervaporation and reverse osmosis because these techniques require the use of large amounts of energy, may involve volatile organic compounds, and operation at high pressure. Ionic liquids (ILs) continue to gain wide recognition as potential environmentally friendly solvents due to their unique properties. However due to their current high cost, their use in industry is seriously limited without an efficient methodology for recovery and recycle. In this paper we describe an innovative methodology for a liquid-liquid extraction process based on an electrically induced emulsion of an ionic liquid as the extracting solvent dispersed in an organic mixture. This offers a most efficient exploitation of the solvent. On the other hand we present our own design of a pilot (semi-industrial) scale extractor based on this methodology and which demonstrates effective recovery of the ionic liquid. In order to achieve this goal we used a numerical modelling tool implemented using our own simulation software based on the finite element method. We also used our original previous experience with generating and investigating liquid-liquid electrosprays using phase Doppler anemometry. Finally we present recommendations for contactor geometry and for the preferred operating conditions for the extractor.

Download Full-text

Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Stabilization of Phenolic Compounds From Natural Sources – Review (Supercritical Extraction and Stabilization of Phenolic Compounds)

The Open Chemical Engineering Journal ◽

10.2174/1874123101004010051 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 51-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Mário Roberto Maróstica Junior ◽

Alice Vieira Leite ◽

Nathalia Romanelli Vicente Dragano

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Supercritical Fluid Extraction ◽

Supercritical Fluid ◽

Fruits And Vegetables ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Fluid Extraction ◽

Natural Sources ◽

Pharmaceutical Industries

Phenolic compounds are components commonly found in fruits and vegetables. Recently, they have been subject of considerable scientific and therapeutic interest mainly due to their antioxidant properties and related healthpromoting benefits, as confirmed by the numerous papers devoted to various properties of these compounds. Thus, the extractions of phenolic compounds with functional properties from natural sources have attracted special interests. Supercritical fluid extraction offers a number of advantages over conventional extraction methods above all in relation to the conditions employed during the extraction process that ensures minimal alteration of the active phenolics and the healing properties could be more easily preserved. This work provides an updated overview on the principal applications of Supercritical fluid extraction in recovery of bioactive phenolics emphasizing the effects of temperature, pressure, addition of co-solvents and time on the extraction yield of these compounds and their antioxidant activities for a possible applications in food, cosmetic or pharmaceutical industries.

Download Full-text

Design of an environmentally friendly fuel based on a synthetic composite nano-catalyst through parameter estimation and process modeling

Chemical Product and Process Modeling ◽

10.1515/cppm-2020-0097 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Aysar T. Jarullah ◽

Sarmad K. Muhammed ◽

Ban A. Al-Tabbakh ◽

Iqbal M. Mujtaba

Keyword(s):

Process Modeling ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Optimization Technique ◽

Oxidative Desulfurization ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Operating Conditions ◽

Operation Conditions ◽

Nano Catalyst ◽

Light Gas Oil

Abstract In this paper, oxidative desulfurization (ODS) process is studied for the purpose of removing the sulfur components from light gas oil (LGO) via experimentation and process modeling. A recently developed (by the authors) copper and nickel oxide based composite nano-catalyst is used in the process. The ODS experiments are conducted in a batch reactor and air is used as an oxidizer under moderate operation conditions. Determination of the kinetic parameters with high accuracy is necessary of the related chemical reactions to develop a helpful model for the ODS operation giving a perfect design of the reactor and process with high confidence. High conversion of 92% LGO was obtained under a reaction temperature of 413 K and reaction time of 90 min for synthesized Cu Ni /HY nano-catalyst. Here model based optimization technique incorporating experimental data is used to estimate such parameters. Two approaches (linear and non-linear) are utilized to estimate the best kinematic parameters with an absolute error of less than 5% between the predicted and the experimental results. An environmentally friendly fuel is regarded the main goal of this study, therefore the optimization process is then employed utilizing the validated model of the prepared composite nano-catalyst to get the optimal operating conditions achieving maximum conversion of such process. The results show that the process is effective in removing more than 99% of the sulfur from the LGO resulting in a cleaner fuel.

Download Full-text

Punica granatum as a Source of Natural Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agent; a Comprehensive Review on Related Investigations

Current Drug Discovery Technologies ◽

10.2174/1570163817666200430001822 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 ◽

Author(s):

Atefeh Jalali ◽

Mohammadreza Kiafar ◽

Masih Seddigh ◽

Mohammad M. Zarshenas

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Punica Granatum ◽

Antimicrobial Activities ◽

Natural Antioxidant ◽

Antiviral Activities ◽

Natural Foods

Background: The consumption of natural antioxidants is increasing due to the demand and tendency to natural foods. Punica granatum L. [Punicaceae] is a fruit with various bioactive ingredients. The effectiveness of this plant has been proved against various disorders such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, blood coagulation, infections, cancer, and dentistry. Among them, there are numerous researches on antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Subsequently, the present study aimed to compile a review of those properties to outline this herb as a possible natural antioxidant and preservative. Methods: Synchronically, keywords "Punica granatum" with antimicrobial, or antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant and radical scavenging were searched through "Scopus" database up to 31st September 2019. Papers focusing on agriculture, genetics, chemistry, and environmental sciences were excluded and also related papers were collected. Results: Among 201 papers focusing on related activities, 111 papers have dealt with antioxidant activities focusing based on DPPH assay, 59 with antibacterial, on both gram+ and gram- bacteria, 24 with antifungal effects, mostly on Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans, and 7 papers with antiviral activities. There were about 50 papers focusing on in-vivo antioxidant activities of this plant. Conclusion: Taken together, botanical parts of P. granatum have possessed notable radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities that with these properties, this plant can be introduced as a natural safe source of preservative and antioxidant. Accordingly, P. granatum can be applied as excipient with the aforementioned properties in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Download Full-text

Environmentally Friendly Techniques and Their Comparison in the Extraction of Natural Antioxidants from Green Tea, Rosemary, Clove, and Oregano

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26071869 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (7) ◽

pp. 1869

Author(s):

Mariel Calderón-Oliver ◽

Edith Ponce-Alquicira

Keyword(s):

Green Tea ◽

Electric Fields ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Natural Antioxidants ◽

Deep Eutectic Solvents ◽

Extraction Methods ◽

Extraction Techniques ◽

Health Trends ◽

Food Applications

Many current food and health trends demand the use of more ecological, sustainable, and environmentally friendly techniques for the extraction of bioactive compounds, including antioxidants. However, extraction yields and final antioxidant activities vary between sources and are highly influenced by the given extraction method and nature and ratio of the employed solvent, especially for total polyphenols, flavonoids, and anthocyanins, which are well recognized as natural antioxidants with food applications. This review focused on the most common extraction techniques and potential antioxidant activity in the food industry for various natural antioxidant sources, such as green tea, rosemary, clove, and oregano. Green extraction techniques have been proven to be far more efficient, environmentally friendly, and economical. In general, these techniques include the use of microwaves, ultrasound, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric fields, enzymes, and deep eutectic solvents, among others. These extraction methods are described here, including their advantages, disadvantages, and applications.

Download Full-text

Sustainable Processing of Floral Bio-Residues of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for Valuable Biorefinery Products

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030523 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 523

Author(s):

Stefania Stelluti ◽

Matteo Caser ◽

Sonia Demasi ◽

Valentina Scariot

Keyword(s):

Phenolic Compounds ◽

Vitamin C ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Crocus Sativus ◽

Extraction Technique ◽

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction ◽

Average Value ◽

Assisted Extraction ◽

High Yields ◽

Crocus Sativus L

Tepals constitute the most abundant bio-residues of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). As they are a natural source of polyphenols with antioxidant properties, they could be processed to generate valuable biorefinery products for applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries, becoming a new source of income while reducing bio-waste. Proper storage of by-products is important in biorefining and dehydration is widely used in the herb sector, especially for highly perishable harvested flowers. This study aimed to deepen the phytochemical composition of dried saffron tepals and to investigate whether this was influenced by the extraction technique. In particular, the conventional maceration was compared with the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE), using different solvents (water and three methanol concentrations, i.e., 20%, 50%, and 80%). Compared to the spice, the dried saffron tepals showed a lower content of total phenolics (average value 1127.94 ± 32.34 mg GAE 100 g−1 DW) and anthocyanins (up to 413.30 ± 137.16 mg G3G 100 g−1 DW), but a higher antioxidant activity, which was measured through the FRAP, ABTS, and DPPH assays. The HPLC-DAD analysis detected some phenolic compounds (i.e., ferulic acid, isoquercitrin, and quercitrin) not previously found in fresh saffron tepals. Vitamin C, already discovered in the spice, was interestingly detected also in dried tepals. Regarding the extraction technique, in most cases, UAE with safer solvents (i.e., water or low percentage of methanol) showed results of phenolic compounds and vitamin C similar to maceration, allowing an improvement in extractions by halving the time. Thus, this study demonstrated that saffron tepals can be dried maintaining their quality and that green extractions can be adopted to obtain high yields of valuable antioxidant phytochemicals, meeting the requirement for a sustainable biorefining.

Download Full-text