scholarly journals Diversity in the standard of living among populations in European post-comunist countries

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Tomasz Michalski
Keyword(s):  
Social Progress ◽  
General Situation ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
Secondary Importance ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Independent States ◽  
Communist Countries ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Eu

Abstract The aim of this study was to present the general situation of populations of European post-communist countries 25 years after the collapse of communism in Europe. The study consists of two parts. The first one briefly discusses the processes that led to a significant diversification in the social, economic and political situations of the populations of the studied countries. In the second part the diversity of this situation is shown (using: the Legatum Prosperity Index, the Social Progress Index, and the Human Development Index). It was found that the best situations exist in the countries which quickly and effectively implemented reforms, and whether they were independent states, or parts of larger states, under communism is of secondary importance. It is symptomatic that these are countries situated in the north-western part of the area under consideration, which corresponds to the current situation in the EU-15, where the countries located in the south (the so-called PIGS) have poor economic and partly social situations than those in the north. Furthermore, it was found that the situation with the population of Russia is worse than in many countries which were previously under the occupation of the USSR or were dependent on the authorities in Moscow.

Peripherality and Northern Ireland

1994 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 90-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iain Begg ◽  
David Mayes
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Policy Action ◽  
The Troubles ◽  
The North ◽  
Working Age ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Uk ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Eu

In writing recently about the economic problems that Northern Ireland faces (Begg and Mayes, 1994) we argued, uncontroversially, that an end to the ‘Troubles’ would significantly alter the region's prospects. Our analysis, nevertheless, focused on other factors which might be amenable to policy action. With an end to the Troubles in Northern Ireland now on the cards, these other characteristics of the Northern Ireland economy must be expected to be of increased importance in determining the Province's competitiveness compared with other parts of the UK and, indeed, other regions of the European Union. In particular, Northern Ireland is a prime example of a ‘peripheral’ economy, located as it is at the North-Western corner of the EU and facing the further barrier of a sea crossing to markets other than the Republic of Ireland. It is also a region that shares a number of the characteristics of the older industrial regions of Britain, such as high unemployment, persistent emigration of working-age population and difficulties in achieving industrial restructuring (Harris et al., 1990; Harris 1991).

Part VI. Three Geometric Tombs

1955 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 239-247
Author(s):  
V. R. d'A. Desborough
Keyword(s):  
General Situation ◽  
The West ◽  
West Wall ◽  
The North ◽  
The One ◽  
North Western

During the excavations at Mycenae in 1953, a Protogeometric cist burial was discovered in the House of Shields, sunk into the floor of its west room. This burial, numbered Tomb PG 601, was published, with other burials, in BSA XLIX 258 ff. In the summer of 1954 Professor Wace uncovered three further burials in the House of Shields. These, at his most kind invitation, I publish here.General situation (Fig. 1). Whereas tomb PG 601 was found at the southern end of the west room of the House of Shields, these three, here numbered 602, 603, and 604, appeared in the north-western corner of this same room. Only a few feet separate the one from the others, as will be clear from the plan, and 602 and 603 seem to have been placed under the shelter of the west wall. The area had been to a certain extent disturbed, but whether there may have been further burials between 601 and this group of three I cannot tell. None was found in the excavation.

Review of periodical articles

Urban History ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 306-335
Author(s):  
JELLE HAEMERS ◽  
GERRIT VERHOEVEN ◽  
JEROEN PUTTEVILS ◽  
PETER JONES
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
The North ◽  
South West ◽  
The Social ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Urban Elites ◽  
Patrilineal Descent ◽  
North Western

One of the key concepts of Max Weber's writings on cities was that in north-western Europe, the landed nobility and urban elites were clearly distinguished. For Weber, this was indeed a main reason to locate the occidental city in the north rather than in the Mediterranean. Christof Rolker tackles this question in his ‘Heraldische Orgien und Sozialer Aufstieg. Oder: Wo ist eigentlich “oben” in der spätmittelalterlichen Stadt?’, Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung, 52 (2015), 191–224. The in-depth analysis of one of the largest and at the same time most widespread armorials in the late medieval Holy Empire, namely that of Konrad Grünenberg (d. 1494), demonstrates that in Konstanz (where Grünenberg lived) guilds (and not the nobility) first insisted on patrilineal descent as a proof of status. Traditionally, Grünenberg is seen as a paradigmatic social climber, as he left his guild to join the society of the local nobility (called ‘Zur Katz’). Yet his sumptuous armorial, containing over 2,000 coat of arms mainly from the south-west of the Empire, does not mention any single member of this noble society. Instead, it praises the tournament societies of which Grünenberg was not a member, and highlights chivalric events in which he never participated. This, Rolker argues, indicates that armorials were not only about status already gained or to be gained, but also a manual for contemporaries to discuss the social order in a more abstract way. In his ‘Wappenbuch’, Grünenberg constantly explains why he could not join the noble societies he praised, while at the same time he ignored the ‘Zur Katz’ association of which he was a member. Therefore, Rolker concludes that it was not only members (or would-be members) of the respective social groups who knew and reproduced social codes. So the boundary between noble and urban elites was more blurred than Weber claimed – though Rolker is of course not the first to criticize Weber on this. Clearly, Grünenberg's armorial was part and parcel of a wider discussion of origins and kinship, namely patrilineal kinship that took place in several social milieux, rather than simply a book which displayed inherited status.

scholarly journals SUDEBNIK 1589: FEATURES OF THE LEGAL REGULATION OF PEASANT LAND OWNERSHIP AND LAND USE IN NORTH-WESTERN RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 136-139
Author(s):  
N.V. Parshina ◽  
A.A. Chuprova
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Public Relations ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Land Relations ◽  
North Western ◽  
Regions Of Russia

The article is devoted to the legal review of the monument of law of the last quarter of the XVI century – the Sudebnik of 1589, namely, its norms on peasant land ownership and land use. The article analyzes the legislative regulation of land relations in the north-western lands of Russia with the help of historical-legal and comparative-legal methods. To summarize the results of the study, the authors also considered the norms of the Judicial Code of 1550, which regulate the above-mentioned circle of public relations, but are applied in the central regions of Russia, where serfdom existed and actively developed. The comparative characteristics of the legal regulation of land relations among the peasantry in these legal monuments allow us to assert the interdependence of the rights of the Russian landowner on the territorial factor. The authors come to the conclusion that the peculiarity of the legal regulation of land relations in the Judicial Code of 1589 was interconnected and mutually conditioned by the specifics of the social and social structure of Pomerania, on the territory of which its norms were distributed, and where, unlike the central regions of the Moscow Kingdom, the peasant population lived free from serfdom.

The Dabona Cemetery in Xiangyun County, Yunnan

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Erhai Lake ◽  
Warring States Period ◽  
Social Situations ◽  
The West ◽  
Warring States ◽  
The North ◽  
Lake Region ◽  
The People ◽  
The Social

Abstract In 2014, Yunnan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology and other institutions conducted large-scale excavation to the Dabona Cemetery located in Dabona Village and to its east of the Liuchang Town, Xiangyun County. The west zone of the Dabona Cemetery had widely distributed early cultural remains, including house foundations, postholes, ash pits, ash ditches, etc. The east zone consisted of two sections distributed in the north-south direction, in the north section of which 25 burials were recovered; among these burials, six were large-sized ones with lengths more than 6m, and the other were medium- and small-sized burials. The grave goods unearthed from these burials reflected that the dates of the remains and burials were roughly in the Warring-States Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties. The area where these remains and burials were located was the main inhabited area of the people of Kunming ethnic group; this excavation provided important materials for the researches on the features and the social situations of the bronze cultures in the Erhai Lake region.

The Social Organization of the Kung (!UN) Bushmen of the North-Western Kalahari

Africa ◽  
1943 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 124-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Brownlee
Keyword(s):  
Simple Form ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Previous Knowledge ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
Form Of Government ◽  
Mode Of Life ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
North Western

Opening ParagraphWith some previous knowledge of these people I had expected to ascertain on inquiry that they had a set if simple form of government and something more or less regular in their group and tribal organization, whereas I find that there is no cohesion or co-operation between groups or collections of groups, chieftainship hardly exists, and there is little or nothing in the way of a judicial system. What may have been custom seems to have been replaced to a great extent by habit and impulse, the interest of the individual is paramount to the exclusion of the good of the community—in short their mode of life, in spite of what may be said cf co-operative food quest, is the most complete expression of individualism, and any man who in astuteness and cunning, bravery and endurance, or in other similar qualities shows himself to be ahead of his fellows becomes their unacknowledged leader.

scholarly journals CALCULATION OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN THE EU AND UKRAINE

2021 ◽  
pp. 79-97
Author(s):  
Olena Khanova ◽  
Igor Matyushenko ◽  
Ewa Kochańska ◽  
Viktoriia Tretyak ◽  
Olga Tofaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Global Competitiveness ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Environmental Performance Index ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
Quality Of Life Index ◽  
The Eu

It is proposed using certain indicators to assess the sustainable development of the EU countries and Ukraine: for the economic measuring - the global competitiveness index, the global innovation index and the index of economic freedom; for the social measuring - the social progress index, the human development index, quality of life index; for the environmental measuring - environmental performance index. The analysis of each selected indices of the EU countries and Ukraine is carried out. The methodology for calculating the ratio of the economic, social and environmental components of sustainable development for each EU country and Ukraine is presented. Attention is focused on the significant regional diversification of sustainable development and its components in the EU countries and Ukraine; the highest, middle and lowest levels of sustainable development of counties are identified. Impact: the methodology for the study of sustainable development, proposed by the authors on the example of the EU countries and Ukraine, is based on objective international ratings that have a transparent calculation methodology. These international ratings are constantly updated and cover most of the countries of the world. Therefore, the proposed methodology makes it possible to identify countries with the highest level of economic, social and environmental development; calculate the index of sustainable development of any country in the world.

scholarly journals North-Westward Expansion of the Invasive Range of Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) towards the EU: From Moscow to Saint Petersburg

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 502
Author(s):  
Dmitry L. Musolin ◽  
Andrey V. Selikhovkin ◽  
Elena Y. Peregudova ◽  
Boris G. Popovichev ◽  
Michail Y. Mandelshtam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Agrilus Planipennis ◽  
European Russia ◽  
Invasive Pest ◽  
Invasive Range ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The North ◽  
Tree Expansion ◽  
Ash Trees ◽  
North Western ◽  
The Eu

Agrilus planipennis is a devastating invasive pest of ash trees in European Russia, Ukraine, and North America. To monitor the north-western limit of its European invasive range, in June 2018 we established 10 study plots along the federal highway M10 (Russia) that runs between Moscow and Saint Petersburg through Tver’ City (approx. 180 km from Moscow), and lined with ash trees. On each plot, 2–4 Fraxinus pennsylvanica trees with heights ranging 6.1–17.0 m and diameters ranging 7.0–18.0 cm were girdled, i.e., 50 cm of their bark were removed. The study plots were visited and girdled trees were examined in September and November, 2018, and in October, 2019. Observations revealed that the current continuous north-western limit of A. planipennis range in European Russia coincides with the north-western border of Tver’ City and this range limit has not distinctly shifted north-westward during 2015–2019. In spite of the rich food supply (due to abundant F. pennsylvanica and F. excelsior plantings) in Tver’ City and along roads going to and from, the population density of A. planipennis in the area is currently low. Recent (September 2020) sudden detection of a spatially isolated A. planipennis outbreak approx. 520 km far north-westward from Tver’ (in Saint Petersburg) suggested that A. planipennis most likely had arrived at Saint Petersburg not by gradual stepwise (flying tree-to-tree) expansion of its continuous invasive range in Tver’ City, but as a result of its accidental introduction by means of, e.g., “insect-hitchhiked” vehicles, transported plants for planting, and/or other commodities. The proximity of the reported A.planipennis outbreak to the borders of the EU (approx. 130 km to Estonia and Finland) requires urgent measures for its containment and control, and constant monitoring.

scholarly journals Fiscal Adjustment Programs versus Socially Sustainable Competitiveness in EU Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 3390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristian Socol ◽  
Marius Marinas ◽  
Aura Socol ◽  
Dan Armeanu
Keyword(s):  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Social Equity ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
Social Progress ◽  
Fiscal Consolidation ◽  
Fiscal Adjustment ◽  
The Social ◽  
Equity Measures ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Adjustment Programs

After implementing harsh austerity measures during 2008–2011, in the period 2012–2014 the fiscal adjustment programs also involved social equity measures, the quantitative fiscal consolidation being changed into a qualitative one—a reduction of the structural budget deficit accompanied by an improvement of social sustainability indicators. The 2015–2017 period shows mixed evolutions in terms of social progress brought by the recovery of the economic potential lost during the crisis. This research analyzes the sustainability of economic competitiveness dynamics from a social viewpoint during 2012–2014. In this paper, we analyze the way in which the economic and social components of fiscal adjustment programs are dynamically balanced in 24 EU member states. We identify four clusters of countries depending on the relationship between fiscal consolidation/fiscal stimulation and the social dynamics of the sustainability adjusted global competitiveness index. We found that under the pressure of “fiscal adjustment fatigue” caused by tough austerity programs in the period 2008–2011, most of the European countries completed the fiscal adjustment packages with measures to improve the social situation between 2012 and 2017. The fiscal consolidation programs have become more balanced from the perspective of the combination of budgetary austerity—social equity measures. Furthermore, we analyze how some countries on the EU periphery (Central and Eastern Europe, Baltic countries and Portugal, Ireland and Greece, countries that have joined the EU with a lower level of development) are experiencing or not an improvement in the social sustainability generated by the measures aimed at stimulating the economic growth implemented during 2012–2017. To conclude, we proposed a few pillars that could be integrated if an “ideal adjustment program” is to be achieved.

scholarly journals The Aleksander Kwasniewski’s Polish Diplomatic Breakthrough to the EU and NATO (Natalia Buglay’s «Kwasniewski’s Epoque in Polish foreign policy (1995–2005)» review) 181-189

2018 ◽  
pp. 181-189
Author(s):  
Andriy Martynov ◽  
Hanna Harlan
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Strategic Partnership ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The North ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

The monograph delivers a complex study of shaping the foreign policy strategy and of implementing the priorities of the foreign policy of the Republic of Poland in 1995-2005. Through utilizing a wide and diverse source material and large amount of literature, the conceptual and historical basis, the regulatory and institutional framework of the foreign policy of Poland have been investigated. Particular attention is paid to the complex implementation process of the key tasks of the foreign policy of the Republic of Poland related to its accession to the North Atlantic Alliance and the European Union. According to the research materials, the successful Euro-Atlantic and European integration of the Republic of Poland managed top have strengthened the position thereof on the international arena and brought peace and security to Poland. What is more, the integration has led to democratic changes in the legislative sphere, has increased its macroeconomic stability and has improved the situation in the social sphere. Special attention is paid to the East direction of the foreign policy of the Republic of Poland. In particular, the patterns and stages of the development of good neighborly relations with Ukraine have been underlined, for the latter had reached the level of strategic partnership in the investigated period. The formation of stable relations with Belarus, Lithuania and the Russian Federation has been outlined as well. The role, the problems and the prospects of the cross-border cooperation and activities of the European regions to deepen and improve their cooperation have been examined individually.

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