Culture, Entrepreneurship and Economic Development. An Empirical Approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Violeta Achim ◽  
Sorin Nicolae Borlea ◽  
Viorela Ligia Văidean
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Hierarchical Regression ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThis paper investigates the influence of culture on the level of entrepreneurship and the possible moderating role of the level of economic development upon this relationship. For our purpose, an initial sample of 125 countries (43 high-income and 82 low-income countries) is used, over the 2006–2016 time period. At first, we use a panel analysis of the reduced sample which is furthermore completed by a hierarchical regression analysis. Our main results provide clear evidence that culture represents an important predictor of the level of entrepreneurship. Among the dimensions of culture, uncertainty avoidance and indulgence versus restraint are found to have the highest influence upon the level of entrepreneurship. Moreover, our empirical findings reveal that the relationship between culture and entrepreneurship is moderated differently by economic development. Thus, high-income countries face a three times higher rate of entrepreneurship than low-income countries. Our findings suggest that culture is more valued in high-income countries offering a higher social support in entrepreneurial activities than in low-income countries. We also find that some cultural patterns such as individualism, femininity, low uncertainly avoidance, short-term orientation or restrain may stimulate entrepreneurship in high-income countries but may be very dysfunctional in low-income countries. Our findings are also useful for policy makers to acknowledge the relationship between the cultural values of a country and its entrepreneurial activities, in order to adjust their policy measures for a better stimulation of the business environment.

Impact of the institutional quality on NAFTA's international trade: a system GMM approach

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoon Heo ◽  
Nguyen Thi Thanh Huyen ◽  
Nguyen Khanh Doanh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Level Of Economic Development ◽  
Trade Elasticity

PurposeThis paper aims to analyze the impacts of institutional quality on trade flows of NAFTA with a panel data set of 105 countries spanning the period 2006–2017.Design/methodology/approachWe applied the system generalized method of moment (GMM) estimator to investigate the impacts.FindingsThe results show that institutional quality is a positive and significant determinant of international trade flows of the NAFTA bloc and its trading partners. Our results also indicate that the impact of institutional quality depends on the level of economic development of NAFTA's trading partners. Specifically, the trade elasticity of institutional quality is the highest for NAFTA’s trade with middle-income countries and the lowest for NAFTA's trade with low-income countries. In the long run, the trade elasticity of institutional quality increased significantly, with the highest increase in the case of NAFTA's trade with medium-income countries and the lowest increase in the case of NAFTA's trade with low-income countries.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the existing literature in three different ways. First, we examine the differential impact of institutions on NAFTA's trade according to the level of economic development of NAFTA's trading partners. Second, we compare the differential trade elasticity of institutional quality in the long run. Finally, we support our findings through an improved research methodology by using the system GMM estimation. This method allows us to overcome the potential sample bias, omitted variable problems and endogeneity of explanatory variables.

scholarly journals Corruption, Economic Development and Haze Pollution: Evidence from 139 Global Countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 3523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yajie Liu ◽  
Feng Dong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Institutional Quality ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Haze Pollution ◽  
Per Capita

Long-term exposure to haze pollution will not only affect citizens’ health and shorten their life expectancy, but also cause unpredictable economic losses. In addition, it has become the focus of worldwide concern whether and how institutional quality affects haze pollution. In this study, we explored the impacts of political corruption on haze pollution in 139 global countries. We employed a geographical detector model to identify the driving factors of spatial differentiation in global haze pollution. In addition, corruption degree and per capita gross domestic production (GDP) were used as threshold variables to analyze whether there is a nonlinear relationship between corruption and haze pollution. The main results are as follows. (1) The corruption perception index (CPI) was negatively correlated with haze pollution and had a strong and stable explanatory power for the heterogeneity of haze pollution. Besides, the degree of corruption had a significant triple threshold effect on haze pollution. When the CPI crossed the double threshold value, strengthening institutional quality could inhibit haze pollution. (2) Per capita GDP significantly determined how institutional quality exerted an effect on haze pollution, which was also a key factor affecting spatial heterogeneity of PM2.5 concentration. In high-income countries, choosing a more honest ruling party could substantially reduce haze pollution, while in low-income countries, an incompetent government could increase the degree of haze pollution. (3) The “Matthew effect” was manifested in our study. It indicated that the higher was the level of economic development, the lower was the severity of haze pollution. Based on these results, we state that policy makers cannot simply alleviate haze pollution through anti-corruption construction. For low-income countries, ensuring economic growth is the prerequisite for the substantial alleviation of haze pollution. On the contrary, high-income countries should pay more attention to the integrity of government institutions and strengthen the awareness of anti-corruption.

scholarly journals Internet Usage, Human Capital and CO2 Emissions: A Global Perspective

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8268
Author(s):  
Jing Wang ◽  
Yubing Xu
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Threshold Value ◽  
High Income ◽  
Internet Usage ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Low Carbon Economy ◽  
The Relationship

Under the background of dealing with global warming, the widespread use of the internet provides a new idea for countries to develop a low-carbon economy at the right time. Based on the panel data of 70 countries from 1995–2018, this paper empirically analyzes the relationship between internet usage, human capital, and CO2 emissions under different levels of economic development by using system GMM and a threshold regression model. The results show that internet usage and human capital are essential drivers of low-carbon economy development, and human capital can inversely regulate the impact of internet usage on CO2 emissions. Internet usage can increase CO2 emissions when human capital is below the threshold value, and it can significantly inhibit CO2 emissions when human capital exceeds the threshold value. In other words, with the accumulation of human capital, the effect of internet usage on CO2 emissions has an inverted U-shaped nonlinear relationship. Furthermore, the empirical analysis of high-income and middle- and low-income countries indicates the hindrance effect of internet usage on CO2 emissions is more evident in high-income countries. For both the high-income and middle- and low-income countries, the relationship between internet usage and CO2 emissions generally shows an inverted “U-shaped” relationship, first rising and then falling as human capital accumulates.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship facilitators and their role in poverty alleviation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Impact

Poverty is one of the main issues faced by countries across the world. Over the last three decades, governments and international organizations such as the World Bank, the IMF, etc. have been trying to reduce poverty. Despite this, today almost 2.5 billion people are still living in poverty. Entrepreneurship is often seen as a way to reduce poverty. Moreover, the role of entrepreneurship facilitators is very important in creating a suitable business environment for entrepreneurs which increases the capacity of entrepreneurial activities. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an insight into how entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurship facilitators (Government, Incubators, and Financial Institutions) help in improving the business environment in all countries and hence in poverty alleviation, examining the impact in case of high-income, high medium-income, medium-income, low-income countries and, as a result, reduce poverty. To investigate this, the Human Development Index (HDI) has been used to measure poverty. Secondary data for Entrepreneurship (Entrepreneurial Facilitators, Entrepreneurial Activities, and Economic Factors) and Poverty (HDI)) from the period of 2005 to 2016 are used for high-income countries, high medium-income countries, medium-income countries and low-income countries. The study has found that there is a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial activity and the changes in Human Development Index (HDI) in all countries studied over the 12 years period. It also finds that the presence of good entrepreneurial facilitators improves the capacity of entrepreneurial activity which reduces poverty as measured by the HDI. It adds to the body of knowledge by using HDI as a new tool to analyze the impact of entrepreneurial activity country wise. It also suggests that governments need to make better business related regulations which will motivate entrepreneurs and create ease of business doing. Finally it suggests that trade openness bring foreign investments in a country which create employment for people.

scholarly journals Entrepreneurship facilitators and their role in poverty alleviation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Human Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Poverty Alleviation ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activities ◽  
The Impact

Poverty is one of the main issues faced by countries across the world. Over the last three decades, governments and international organizations such as the World Bank, the IMF, etc. have been trying to reduce poverty. Despite this, today almost 2.5 billion people are still living in poverty. Entrepreneurship is often seen as a way to reduce poverty. Moreover, the role of entrepreneurship facilitators is very important in creating a suitable business environment for entrepreneurs which increases the capacity of entrepreneurial activities. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an insight into how entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurship facilitators (Government, Incubators, and Financial Institutions) help in improving the business environment in all countries and hence in poverty alleviation, examining the impact in case of high-income, high medium-income, medium-income, low-income countries and, as a result, reduce poverty. To investigate this, the Human Development Index (HDI) has been used to measure poverty. Secondary data for Entrepreneurship (Entrepreneurial Facilitators, Entrepreneurial Activities, and Economic Factors) and Poverty (HDI)) from the period of 2005 to 2016 are used for high-income countries, high medium-income countries, medium-income countries and low-income countries. The study has found that there is a positive and significant relationship between entrepreneurial activity and the changes in Human Development Index (HDI) in all countries studied over the 12 years period. It also finds that the presence of good entrepreneurial facilitators improves the capacity of entrepreneurial activity which reduces poverty as measured by the HDI. It adds to the body of knowledge by using HDI as a new tool to analyze the impact of entrepreneurial activity country wise. It also suggests that governments need to make better business related regulations which will motivate entrepreneurs and create ease of business doing. Finally it suggests that trade openness bring foreign investments in a country which create employment for people.

Assessment of knowledge and practice of vaccination of dogs against rabies by dog owners in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Audu Onyemocho ◽  
Agwa Moses ◽  
Aboh Kisani ◽  
Omole Namben Victoria ◽  
Anejo-Okopi Joseph
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Knowledge Score ◽  
Educational Status ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
Dog Owners ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: Rabies, one of the oldest and fatal infectious diseases known to human race, is transmitted by infected dogs. The global target of zero dog-mediated rabies human deaths has been set for 2030; however, the realization of this goal poses challenges in most low-income countries where rabies is endemic due to weak surveillance. Dogs have been increasingly deployed for domestic uses over the years, especially for security purposes. This study assessed the assessment of knowledge and practice of vaccination of dogs against rabies by dog owners. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional community-based study was employed to study 400 dog owners in Makurdi metropolis through multistage sampling techniques. Sighting of valid dog vaccination card was used as criteria for current vaccination. Bivariate analysis was carried out to establish the relationship between the respondent knowledge of rabies and dog vaccination with significant value set at P < 0.05. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 31 (Â ± 0.8) years, majority of them had tertiary and secondary education (40.0% and 39.0%, respectively), 26.0% were traders, and 50.0% were married. Overall, 73.0% of the respondents had good knowledge score, 61.0% had seen at least a rabid dog in their life time, and 74.0% have a history of dog vaccination, but evidence of up to date vaccination of dogs by owners was seen in only 18.0% of all the vaccination cards sighted. The relationship between the educational status of the respondents, their knowledge score, and their dog vaccination was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Knowledge of rabies among dog owners in Makurdi was good, but the practice of dog vaccination was poor. Educational status was a good predictor of practice. Awareness campaign on dog vaccination should be strengthened and adequate measures should be put in place at the veterinary hospitals in Makurdi for vaccination of dogs.

scholarly journals Pediatric neurosurgical workforce, access to care, equipment and training needs worldwide

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. E13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael C. Dewan ◽  
Ronnie E. Baticulon ◽  
Abbas Rattani ◽  
James M. Johnston ◽  
Benjamin C. Warf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
International Collaboration ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Training Needs ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Surgical Workforce ◽  
And Training

OBJECTIVEThe presence and capability of existing pediatric neurosurgical care worldwide is unknown. The objective of this study was to solicit the expertise of specialists to quantify the geographic representation of pediatric neurosurgeons, access to specialist care, and equipment and training needs globally.METHODSA mixed-question survey was sent to surgeon members of several international neurosurgical and general pediatric surgical societies via a web-based platform. Respondents answered questions on 5 categories: surgeon demographics and training, hospital and practice details, surgical workforce and access to neurosurgical care, training and equipment needs, and desire for international collaboration. Responses were anonymized and analyzed using Stata software.RESULTSA total of 459 surgeons from 76 countries responded. Pediatric neurosurgeons in high-income and upper-middle-income countries underwent formal pediatric training at a greater rate than surgeons in low- and lower-middle-income countries (89.5% vs 54.4%). There are an estimated 2297 pediatric neurosurgeons in practice globally, with 85.6% operating in high-income and upper-middle-income countries. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, roughly 330 pediatric neurosurgeons care for a total child population of 1.2 billion. In low-income countries in Africa, the density of pediatric neurosurgeons is roughly 1 per 30 million children. A higher proportion of patients in low- and lower-middle-income countries must travel > 2 hours to seek emergency neurosurgical care, relative to high-income countries (75.6% vs 33.6%, p < 0.001). Vast basic and essential training and equipment needs exist, particularly low- and lower-middle-income countries within Africa, South America, the Eastern Mediterranean, and South-East Asia. Eighty-nine percent of respondents demonstrated an interest in international collaboration for the purposes of pediatric neurosurgical capacity building.CONCLUSIONSWide disparity in the access to pediatric neurosurgical care exists globally. In low- and lower-middle-income countries, wherein there exists the greatest burden of pediatric neurosurgical disease, there is a grossly insufficient presence of capable providers and equipped facilities. Neurosurgeons across income groups and geographic regions share a desire for collaboration and partnership.

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