Impact of hygrothermal treatment on the physical properties and chemical composition of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis)

AbstractNatural bamboo is rapidly replacing wood, but it is highly hygroscopic and has poor dimensional stability. Herein, Moso bamboo was subjected to hygrothermal treatment at different temperatures. The hydrophobicity and dimensional stability of bamboo increased, as indicated by the 16.5% decrease in volumetric swelling and three-fold increase in the contact angle at 220 °C. The fibers and parenchyma cells delaminated, and pores appeared after treatment at 200 °C. These changes were attributed to the significant degradation of hemicelluloses. The acetyl groups of hemicelluloses decomposed into acetic acid. The apparent crystallinity of cellulose increased mainly due to the reduced hemicellulose content. Furthermore, a breakage of xylan and β-O-4 bonds was observed, and S units were condensed after treatment at 220 °C. In addition, the syringyl/guaiacyl ratio showed more than a five-fold increase, while associated ferulic acid decreased after hygrothermal treatment, indicating that the dense structure of the cell walls was broken. These data were used to propose a mechanism for changes in the bamboo cell walls during hygrothermal treatment. This simple and environmentally-friendly approach holds great potential for use in high-humidity environments.

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Characterization of ground parenchyma cells in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis–Poaceae)

IAWA Journal ◽

10.1163/22941932-bja10076 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Caiping Lian ◽

Hong Chen ◽

Shuqin Zhang ◽

Rong Liu ◽

Zhihui Wu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Dimensional Structure ◽

Environmental Scanning ◽

Wall Thickening ◽

Phyllostachys Edulis ◽

Starch Grains ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Quantitative Basis

Abstract Ground parenchyma cells play a crucial role in the growth and the mechanical properties of bamboo plants. Investigation of the morphology of ground parenchyma cells is essential for understanding the physiological functions andmechanical properties of these cells. This study aimed to characterize the anatomical structure of bamboo ground parenchyma cells and provide a qualitative and quantitative basis for the more effective utilization of bamboo. To do this, the morphology of ground parenchyma cells in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) was studied using light microscopy and field-emission environmental scanning electron microscopy. Results show that various geometric shapes of ground parenchyma cells were observed, including nearly circular, square, long, oval, and irregular shapes. Cell walls of both long and short parenchyma cells exhibited primary wall thickening and secondary wall thickening, resulting in a primary pit field and simple pits. Most long cells were strip-shaped (L/W = 2.52), while most short cells were short and wide (L/W = 0.59). The proportion of long cells was 11 times greater than that of short cells. Most long cells were filled with starch grains, and some short cells also occasionally had starch grains. These findings allowed the first construction of the three-dimensional structure of parenchyma cells.

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MICROSTRUCTURE ANALYSIS OF MOSO BAMBOO (Phyllostachys pubescens MAZEL) SURFACE AFTER UV RADIATION

Surface Review and Letters ◽

10.1142/s0218625x19500902 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 27 (01) ◽

pp. 1950090

Author(s):

HAIXIA YU ◽

XIN PAN ◽

WEIMING YANG ◽

WENFU ZHANG ◽

XIAOWEI ZHUANG

Keyword(s):

Uv Radiation ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Uv Light ◽

Parenchyma Cell ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Thick Wall ◽

Phyllostachys Pubescens ◽

Thin Wall ◽

Intercellular Spaces ◽

Parenchyma Cell Walls

Bamboo material is widely used in outdoor applications. However, they are easily degraded when exposed to sunlight, their smooth surface will gradually turn to rough, and small cracks will appear and finally develop to large cracks. The paper presents a first-time investigation on the microstructure changes in the tangential section of Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) radiated by artificial UV light. The results showed that the cracks mainly appeared at intercellular spaces of fibers where lignin content was high, the parenchyma cell walls and neighbor pits where the cell wall was very thin and more vulnerable than the other parts. In addition, the part of raised area and pit cavity tended to absorb more UV light radiation and showed more and larger cracks than the otherwhere. Cracks at the intercellular spaces of fibers were larger and bigger than those on the parenchyma cell walls. The cracks on the pits of the parenchyma cell walls normally appeared at one pit and then extended to the several surrounding pits. Bordered pits cavity showed more and larger cracks than the pits on the thin wall cells. The simple pits on the thick wall cells and the fiber cells were unaffected by UV radiation.

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Hygroscopic properties of thermally modified false Iroko [Antiaris toxicara (Lesch)]

Journal of Agriculture Forestry and the Social Sciences ◽

10.4314/joafss.v18i1.7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

F.A. Faruwa ◽

K. Duru

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Dimensional Stability ◽

Thermal Process ◽

Colour Change ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Thermal Modification ◽

Hygroscopic Properties ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Thermally Modified Wood ◽

Modified Wood

The study investigated the use of thermal modification to improve the hygroscopic properties of False Iroko [Antiaris toxicaria (Lesch)]. Samples of Antiaris toxicara Lesch wood were subjected to thermal modification in a furnace at temperatures of 160, 180 and 200°C for 30 and 60 minutes. Results showed that wood properties were improved with exposure to different temperatures. Subsequent to the thermal process, a colour change from pale yellow to darkish brown was observed progressively with increase in temperature, accompanied by a weight loss in the range of 12.08% to 23.67%. The outcome of these treatments resulted in a decrease in volumetric swelling and increase in dimensional stability of modified wood; this can be attributed to observed decrease in moisture intake. The thermal modification of Antiaris toxicara Lesch wood affected the dimensional stability properties. Thus, due to significant changes via modification carried out on the selected species which is classified as lesser utilized wood species, lesser utilized wood,Antiaristoxicara Lesch wood is recommended for use due to its efficient dimensional stability after modification . keywords:, Thermally modified wood ;False Iroko

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The morphology of grain abscission in Zizania aquatica

Canadian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1139/b80-261 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 58 (21) ◽

pp. 2269-2273 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

H. B. Hanten ◽

G. E. Ahlgren ◽

J. B. Carlson

Keyword(s):

Wild Rice ◽

Cell Walls ◽

Vascular Tissue ◽

Embryo Sac ◽

Middle Lamella ◽

Abscission Zone ◽

Rice Grains ◽

Zizania Aquatica ◽

Parenchyma Cells ◽

Anatomical Evidence

The anatomical development of the abscission zone in grains of Zizania aquatica L. was correlated with development of the embryo. The abscission zone is well developed when the embryo sac is mature. Soon after pollination, the first anatomical evidence of abscission appears as plasmolysis of the separation layer parenchyma cells. This is followed by separation of the layers by dissolution of the middle lamella and fragmentation of cell walls. Persistence of intact vascular tissue and presence of a surrounding cone-shaped mass of lignified cells may be involved in abscission of wild rice grains.

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Transcriptome analysis of lateral buds from Phyllostachys edulis rhizome during germination and early shoot stages

10.21203/rs.2.17450/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Yuting Shou ◽

Yihua Zhu ◽

Yulong Ding

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathways ◽

High Throughput Sequencing ◽

Stem Elongation ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Development Stage ◽

Fast Growth ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Phyllostachys Edulis ◽

Lateral Buds ◽

Meristem Development

Abstract Background: The vegetative growth is an important stage for plants when they conduct photosynthesis, accumulate and collect all resources needed and prepare for reproduction stage. Bamboo is one of the fastest growing plant species. The rapid growth of Phyllostachys edulis results from the expansion of intercalary meristem at the basal part of nodes, which are differentiated from the apical meristem of rhizome lateral buds. However, little is known about the major signaling pathways and players involved during this rapid development stage of bamboo. To study this question, we adopted the high-throughput sequencing technology and compared the transcriptomes of Moso bamboo rhizome buds in germination stage and late development stage. Results: We found that the development of Moso bamboo rhizome lateral buds was coordinated by multiple pathways, including meristem development, sugar metabolism and phytohormone signaling. Phytohormones have fundamental impacts on the plant development. We found the evidence of several major hormones participating in the development of Moso bamboo rhizome lateral bud. Furthermore, we showed direct evidence that Gibberellic Acids (GA) signaling participated in the Moso bamboo stem elongation. Conclusion: Significant changes occur in various signaling pathways during the development of rhizome lateral buds. It is crucial to understand how these changes are translated to Phyllostachys edulis fast growth. These results expand our knowledge on the Moso bamboo internodes fast growth and provide research basis for further study.

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Dataset of in Situ SPAD Readings, in Vitro Chlorophyll Concentration Measuring, and Their Relationship: Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) in Zhejiang, China

GCdataPR ◽

10.3974/geodb.2019.03.05.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zhengxing WANG ◽

Fang LI

Keyword(s):

Chlorophyll Concentration ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Phyllostachys Edulis ◽

Spad Readings

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Transcriptome Reveals the Specificity of Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’ Shoots at Different Developmental Stages

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11080861 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 861 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yaping Hu ◽

Ying Zhang ◽

Jie Zhou ◽

Guibing Wang ◽

Qirong Guo

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Pathways ◽

Developmental Stages ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Biological Processes ◽

Phyllostachys Edulis ◽

Monthly Basis ◽

Bamboo Shoots ◽

Tyrosine Metabolism ◽

Culm Wall ◽

Cellular Components

Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’ can have a stalk wall thickness of up to 2.5 cm at a height of 1.3 m, which is 1.8 times that of normal Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis); this serves as an excellent cultivar, comprising both wood and bamboo shoots. We collected bamboo shoot samples of Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’ and Moso bamboo on a monthly basis from September to April and used transcriptome sequencing to explore the differences in their development. The results showed that there were 666–1839 Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’-specific genes at different developmental stages enriched in 20 biological processes, 15 cellular components, 12 molecular functions, and 137 metabolic pathways, 52 of which were significant. Among these, 27 metabolic pathways such as tyrosine metabolism and their uniquely expressed genes were found to play important roles in the thickening of Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’. This study provides insights into the mechanisms underlying the thickening of the culm wall of Phyllostachys edulis ‘Pachyloen’.

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Molecular Mechanism of Xylogenesis in Moso Bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) Shoots during Cold Storage

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym11010038 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 38 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Changtao Li ◽

Lingling Xuan ◽

Yuming He ◽

Jie Wang ◽

Hui Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Cold Storage ◽

Cinnamyl Alcohol Dehydrogenase ◽

Moso Bamboo ◽

Transcriptomic Analysis ◽

Pcr Analysis ◽

Phyllostachys Edulis ◽

Related Enzyme ◽

Cold Chamber ◽

Xylan Biosynthesis

A bamboo shoot is the immature stem of the woody grass and a nutritious and popular vegetable in East Asia. However, it undergoes a rapid xylogenesis process right after harvest, even being stored in a cold chamber. To investigate the molecular regulation mechanisms of xylogenesis in Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis) shoots (MBSes) during cold storage, the measurement of cell wall polymers (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) and related enzyme activities (phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD), peroxidase (POD), and xylan xylosyltransferase (XylT)) and transcriptomic analysis were performed during cold storage. It was noticed that cellulose and lignin contents increased, while hemicellulose content exhibited a downward trend. PAL, CAD, and POD activity presented an upward trend generally in MBS when stored at 4 °C for 16 days. XylT activity showed a descending trend during the stages of storage, but slightly increased during the 8th to 12th days after harvest at 4 °C. Transcriptomic analysis identified 72, 28, 44, and 31 functional unigenes encoding lignin, cellulose, xylan biosynthesis enzymes, and transcription factors (TFs), respectively. Many of these secondary cell wall (SCW)-related genes showed higher expression levels in the later period of cold storage. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis of the selected genes conformed to the expression pattern. Our study provides a comprehensive analysis of MBS secondary wall biosynthesis at the molecular level during the cold storage process. The results give insight into the xylogenesis process of this economically important vegetable and shed light on solving this problem of the post-harvest industry.

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