Ageing of modified wood. Part 2: Determination of surface composition of acetylated, furfurylated, and thermally modified wood by XPS and ToF-SIMS

Holzforschung ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Elof Bryne ◽  
Jukka Lausmaa ◽  
Marie Ernstsson ◽  
Finn Englund ◽  
Magnus E.P. Wålinder
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Radiata Pine ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Spectroscopic Information ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Wood Part ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract The main objective of this work was to study the chemical composition of surfaces and ageing effects on acetylated pine (Pinus sylvestris), heat treated spruce (Picea abies), and furfurylated radiata pine (Pinus radiata) in comparison to unmodified wood. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) were the instruments of choice. Observation with a low-vacuum scanning electron microscope (LV-SEM) complemented the study. The spectroscopic information was also linked to a parallel wettability study on matched wood samples by the Wilhelmy method. The results show that XPS and ToF-SIMS are two powerful tools that in combination give complementary information, both quantitative and qualitative, and are well suited for observation of the ageing process of different wood surfaces. The hydrophobization process as a result of migration of extractives during ageing was well quantified by the XPS measurements and the results correlated well with wetting results. Several specific hydrophobic substances could be identified by ToF-SIMS measurements.

Thermal modification of Southern pine combined with wax emulsion preimpregnation: effect on hydrophobicity and dimensional stability

Holzforschung ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 405-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wang Wang ◽  
Yuan Zhu ◽  
Jinzhen Cao ◽  
Xi Guo
Keyword(s):  
Water Absorption ◽  
Dimensional Stability ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Water Repellency ◽  
Solid Content ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Paraffin Wax ◽  
Southern Pine ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract The aim of this study was to enhance the water repellency and dimensional stability of thermally modified wood by combining the preimpregnation of paraffin wax emulsion. To achieve this, Southern pine (SP; Pinus spp.) samples were first impregnated with paraffin wax emulsion (with 2.0% solid content) and then subjected to thermal modification (TM) in an oven at 180°C and 220°C for 4 and 8 h. The contact angle (CA), surface free energy, water absorption rate (WAR), anti-swelling efficiency (ASE), and bending properties of the control and modified samples were investigated. Moreover, the chemical and morphological alterations were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Both the wax impregnation and TM decreased the surface wettability, water absorption, and tangential swelling, while the combination of wax and thermal treatment exhibited the best water repellency and dimensional stability, indicating the synergism between the two procedures. However, the wax preimpregnation did not affect the mechanical properties of thermally modified wood. The FTIR, SEM, and XPS analyses confirmed that the synergistic effect is mainly due to the redistribution of the paraffin wax during TM rather than its impact on the chemical changes caused by thermal degradation.

scholarly journals Exploring the geochemical distribution of organic carbon in early land plants: a novel approach

2017 ◽  
Vol 373 (1739) ◽  
pp. 20160499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey D. Abbott ◽  
Ian W. Fletcher ◽  
Sabrina Tardio ◽  
Ethan Hack
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystem ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Fossil Plants ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry

Terrestrialization depended on the evolution of biosynthetic pathways for biopolymers including lignin, cutin and suberin, which were concentrated in specific tissues, layers or organs such as the xylem, cuticle and roots on the submillimetre scale. However, it is often difficult, or even impossible especially for individual cells, to resolve the biomolecular composition of the different components of fossil plants on such a scale using the well-established coupled techniques of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Here, we report the application of techniques for surface analysis to investigate the composition of Rhynia gwynne-vaughanii . X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of two different spots (both 300 µm × 600 µm) confirmed the presence of carbon. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) revealed ‘chemical maps’ (imaging mode with 300 nm resolution) of aliphatic and aromatic carbon in the intact fossil that correlate with the vascular structures observed in high-resolution optical images. This study shows that imaging ToF-SIMS has value for determining the location of the molecular components of fossil embryophytes while retaining structural information that will help elucidate how terrestrialization shaped the early evolution of land plant cell wall biochemistry. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The Rhynie cherts: our earliest terrestrial ecosystem revisited’.

scholarly journals Use of Thermo-Modified Wood Massif in Making Parametric Exterior Furniture

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.36) ◽  
pp. 1112 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Shaikhutdinova ◽  
R. R. Safin ◽  
F. V. Nazipova ◽  
S. R. Mukhametzyanov
Keyword(s):  
Treated Wood ◽  
Thermal Modification ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Polished Surface ◽  
Duration Of Treatment ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Convective Thermal ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

This paper proposes the use of an array of heat-treated wood of various species to make parametric furniture for the purpose of operation in the exterior, and on objects in conditions of high humidity. The dependence of change in the color range of thermowoods depending on the temperature and duration of treatment is presented. Experiments were carried out to study the biological stability of thermally modified wood treated by various technologies including: vacuum-convective thermal modification in superheated steam, convective thermal modification in high-pressure saturated steam, as well as in hydrophobic liquids, in flue gas and vacuum-conductive thermal-modifying. The degree of resistance of wood was determined, which allows to conclude that the mass losses of heat-treated specimens caused by the destructive action of fungi are significantly lower compared to untreated ones. The researchwas conducted to determine the numerical characteristics of microroughness of the polished surface of wood, thermally modified at different temperatures.   

Comprehensive multilayer film analysis with XPS, AES, and EDS

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1784-1785
Author(s):  
N. C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Chemical Mapping ◽  
Vertical Diffusion ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Sample Rotation ◽  
Microscopic Features

Wavelength and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (WDS and EDS) are routinely utilized to measure qualitatively and quantitatively the composition of microscopic features/phases of thickness 0.5 (μm or greater in solids. Surface spectroscopies, especially x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), are employed to determine surface chemistry and surface composition respectively of microscopic features 0.2-5 nm thick. The combined utilization of AES and EDS (or WDS) permits microanalysis of surface and subsurface features/phases. Two areas of improved analysis through combined utilization of AES and EDS are imaging/elemental mapping and measurement of vertical diffusion profiles. Strengths of XPS in complementing EDS/WDS will also be discussed.High resolution surface elemental or chemical mapping can be carried out with scanning Auger or secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) microanalysis, respectively. In fact, both offer improved spacial resolution over WDS and EDS elemental x-ray dot mapping. Using sample rotation while removing material by ion beam sputter etching, three dimensional mapping can be carried out by either surface analysis technique, permitting microanalysis of buried features even in complex heterostructures.

Surface analysis of a heat-treated, Al-containing, iron-based superalloy

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3411-3416 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. López ◽  
A. Gutiéerrez ◽  
M. C. García-Alonso ◽  
M. L. Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Passive Layer ◽  
Alumina Layer ◽  
Outward Diffusion ◽  
Xps Spectra ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Layer Iron

The surface composition of MA 956 superalloy both as-received and after four exposure times at 1100 °C has been investigated by energy dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDX) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The passive layer of the as-received sample is mainly formed by Cr- and Fe-oxides. Heat treatment leads to the formation of an alumina layer on which small nodules grow. XPS spectra evidence the presence of titanium and yttrium oxides at the surface of the heat-treated samples, suggesting Y and Ti outward diffusion through the alumina layer. Iron and chromium oxides at the topmost surface layers are observed only for short heat-treatment times.

scholarly journals The Interface Characterization of 2-Mercapto-1-methylimidazole Corrosion Inhibitor on Brass

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 295
Author(s):  
Matjaž Finšgar
Keyword(s):  
Surface Layer ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitor ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Ion Beam ◽  
Xps Analysis ◽  
Spectral Interferences ◽  
Tof Sims

This work presents a detailed surface analytical study and surface characterization, with an emphasis on the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) analyses of 2‑mercapto‑1‑methylimidazole (MMI) as a corrosion inhibitor for brass. First, the electrochemical measurements demonstrated a corrosion inhibition effect of MMI in a 3 wt.% NaCl solution. Next, the formation of the MMI surface layer and its properties after 1 month of immersion was analyzed with attenuated total reflectance–Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and contact angle analysis. Moreover, to gradually remove the organic surface layer, a gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) sputtering source at different accelerated voltages and cluster sizes was employed. After each sputtering cycle, a high-resolution XPS analysis was performed. Moreover, an angle‑resolved XPS analysis was carried out for the MMI-treated brass sample to analyze the heterogeneous layered structure (the interface of the MMI organic/inorganic brass substrate). The interface properties were also investigated in detail using ToF-SIMS for spectra measurements and 2D imaging. Special attention was devoted to the possible spectral interferences for MMI‑related species. The thermal stability of different MMI-related species using molecular-specific signals without possible spectral interferences was determined by performing a cooling/heating experiment associated with ToF-SIMS measurements. It was shown that these species desorbed from the brass surface in the temperature range of 310–370 °C.

XPS Study of Polyimide H-Film After Heat Treatment and Laser Processing

1989 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.V. Nagarkar ◽  
E.K. Sichela ◽  
G.L. Doll
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Electrical Resistivity ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Processing ◽  
Surface Composition ◽  
Carbonyl Groups ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
Xps Study

AbstractAn x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) study of laser treated and heat treated Kapton®indicates that both the treatments result in depleting the carbonyl groups from the sample and leave behind a conducting residue that still contains significant amounts of oxygen and nitrogen. The rapid changes in surface composition coincide with a substantial decrease in the electrical resistivity of the polyimide samples.

Characterization of hydrogenated graphite powder by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry

RSC Advances ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (84) ◽  
pp. 80649-80654 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Xie ◽  
Kai Mo Ng ◽  
Lu-Tao Weng ◽  
Chi-Ming Chan
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Time Of Flight ◽  
Graphite Powder ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tof Sims ◽  
Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Secondary Ion

Hydrogenated graphite powder was obtained through Birch reduction of graphite powder and characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) at 500 °C.

scholarly journals Measurement of the degree of polarisation of thermally modified Scots pine using a Stokes imaging polarimeter

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 178-182
Author(s):  
Ilpo Niskanen ◽  
Jukka Räty ◽  
Hariyadi Soetedjo ◽  
Kenichi Hibino ◽  
Hiroshi Oohashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scots Pine ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Wood Products ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Polarised Light ◽  
Thermally Modified Wood ◽  
Modified Wood

AbstractThis study measured the polarised light reflected from the surface of thermally modified Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) wood using a Stokes imaging polarimeter. The data were analysed using the Mueller matrix method. The Scots pine boards were heat treated in an oven at temperatures of 160 ºC, 200 ºC and 220 ºC, with a heat treatment time of 3 h at the maximum temperature. The results indicated that the chemical composition of the thermally modified wood underwent a permanent transformation, leading to a change in the degree of polarisation of the reflected light. The presented method provides useful information for inspecting the quality of thermally modified wood products.

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