The Effect of Lignin Content on the Cure Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin as Determined by Differential Scanning Calorimetry

Holzforschung ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.O. Barry ◽  
W. Peng ◽  
B. Riedl
Keyword(s):  
Differential Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry

Borax Modify Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin as Wood Adhesives

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 507-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Hang Lin ◽  
Xiao Feng Zhu ◽  
Xiao Bo Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Thermodynamic Characteristics ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Alkaline Condition ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Free Phenol ◽  
Thermo Gravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer

A modified phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin was synthesized under alkaline condition in varying proportion of borax up to 21% (w/w). All the prepared resin were characterized by free phenol content, free formaldehyde content as well as hydroxymethyl content. It was proved by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) that B-O bond had been successfully introduced into the structure of PF resin. Thermo gravimetric analyzer (TGA) and different scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the thermodynamic characteristics of the PF resin. The result showed that when the mass fraction of borax was 9wt.% of PF resin, the heat resistance was the best and the curing temperature of the modified PF resin was higher than that of the unmodified PF resin.

New Strategy toward Novel Hyperbranched Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin: Synthesis, Characterization and Curing Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 29-30 ◽  
pp. 177-180
Author(s):  
Samaresh Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
First Time ◽  
Tof Ms

Novel hyperbranched phenol-formaldehyde (HBPF) resin 1 has been prepared for the first time. Thorough characterizations (FT-IR, NMR, HPLC, MALDI-TOF MS and elemental analyses and rheological flow behavior) were performed to ascertain the structure of HBPF 1. The condensationcuring event of HBPF with diglycidylether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) technique.

Softwood Bark Pyrolysis Oil-PF Resols. Part 2. Thermal Analysis by DSC and TG

Holzforschung ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Amen-Chen ◽  
B. Riedl ◽  
C. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Condensation Reaction ◽  
Cure Kinetics ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Pyrolysis Oils

Summary Cure behavior of resins formulated with petroleum phenol replaced by 25 and 50 wt% of softwood bark-derived pyrolysis oils, using various formaldehyde to phenolics molar ratios and alkalinity content, was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Kinetic parameters were obtained by the Borchart-Daniels method and the model-free (Vyazovkin) method. Resins containing up to 50% by wt of pyrolysis oils had slower cure kinetics and lower extent of condensation reaction compared to a neat laboratory made phenol-formaldehyde resin. However, very similar kinetic curing behavior to the standard resins was found for resols having 25% by wt of the petroleum phenol replaced by the pyrolysis oils. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG) of cured pyrolysis oil-PF resins has been done under nitrogen and air environments at a constant heating rate. Thermal behavior of resins containing pyrolysis oils differed depending on the nature of the purge gas used in TG. Increasing the amount of pyrolysis oils decreased the thermal resistance of the experimental resins.

scholarly journals Characterization of Prototype Formulated Particleboards from Agroindustrial Lignocellulose Biomass Bonded with Chemically Modified Cassava Peel Starch

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Warui Kariuki ◽  
Jackson Wachira ◽  
Millien Kawira ◽  
Genson Murithi Leonard
Keyword(s):  
Forest Cover ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Modulus Of Rupture ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Wood Demand ◽  
Materials Used

Conventional methods of making particleboards utilize wood chips. This has resulted in a decrease in the tree cover due to the increase in wood demand. The effect has been climatic change. Wood is bound using phenol formaldehyde resin. Because of the decrease in the forest cover, alternative lignocellulose materials are required. In this study, lignocellulose materials used include sugarcane bagasse, maize stock, and rice husks. The cassava-starch mix with borax was used as a binder in particleboard formulation. The lignin content was determined, and its effect on properties of boards was investigated. The resultant composite material was molded at a pressure of 6.5 N/mm2 and at 30°C. The resultant particleboards had mean densities ranging from 0.604 to 0.611 g/cm3. The modulus of elasticity ranged from 2364.2 N/mm2 to 3329.93 N/mm2, modulus of rupture ranged from 13.55 N/mm2 to 14.83 N/mm2, and internal bonding ranged from 1.613 N/mm2 to 2.370 N/mm2. The performance of the board was dependent on the lignocellulose material used. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that main chemical bonding in the particleboard resulted from esterification of –COOH from lignocellulose and OH- from starch. The particleboards formulated were found to be of low-density-fibre standard used in a similar manner to the conventional low-density particleboards.

Study on Diallyl Phthalate Modified Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin

2013 ◽  
Vol 467 ◽  
pp. 185-191
Author(s):  
Min Zhen Bao ◽  
Hong Wei Yu ◽  
Bin Fu Bao ◽  
Yuan Cao
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Resin ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Loss Modulus ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Curing Temperature ◽  
Quinone Methide ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermal Analyzer ◽  
Diallyl Phthalate

This paper aimed to produce the alkaline phenolic resin by the addition of diallyl phthalate into traditional phenolformaldehyde resin. Then the modified resin was characterized using dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and simultaneous thermal analyzer (STA). The results indicated that: the increase of the diallyl phthalate contributed to the rise of the storage modulus (E) and loss modulus (E), the decrease of the loss factor. Curing temperature also showed a decline trend and was decreased by 5°Cwhen the amount of modifider was 2.5% of the phenol. The improvemnt of Organic ester on curing of alkaline phenolic resin achieved by rapidly promoting resin molecular to generate reactive intermediate quinone methide. The amount of the modifier had little effect on the thermostability of resin, but it reduced the bonding strength of plywood.

Sodium Silicate as Catalyst and Modifier for Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin

2012 ◽  
Vol 184-185 ◽  
pp. 1198-1206
Author(s):  
Jin Sun ◽  
Rui Hang Lin ◽  
Xiao Bo Wang ◽  
Xiao Feng Zhu ◽  
Zhen Zhong Gao
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Boiling Water ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analyzer ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer

The novel adhesives were prepared using PF resin as matrix and sodium silicate as modification additive. It was proved by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) that silicon-oxygen bonds had been successfully introduced to the structure of PF resin. Boiling water extraction (BWE)，scanning electron microscopy (SEM)，thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were used to characterize the structure of PF resin modified with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3-PF). The test results show that sodium silicate is an effective modifier to PF resin which lessen the brittleness, accelerate the cure rate and enhance the boiling water resistance of PF resin as well. The FTIR，TGA and DSC test results also show that the structure of PF resin has been changed by sodium silicate.

Suitability of a lignin-derived mono-phenol mimic to replace phenol in phenol-formaldehyde resin for use in wood treatment

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 344-350
Author(s):  
Vladimirs Biziks ◽  
Marco Fleckenstein ◽  
Carsten Mai ◽  
Holger Militz
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Average Molecular Weight ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Pyrolysis Oil ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Wood Treatment ◽  
Aromatic Derivative ◽  
Bio Oil

AbstractThe goal of this study was to assess the suitability of a single mono-aromatic for substitution of petroleum-based phenol for phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin synthesis and the usage of a new resin for wood treatment. After proper thermal decomposition of wood-based lignin, pyrolysis oil can be obtained. Due to the heterogeneity of the lignin macromolecule, oil contains large variety of organic-based compounds, mainly mono-aromatics, which are proposed to be used for replacement of phenol during PF resin synthesis. Therefore, for this purpose, nine of the most abundant mono-aromatic compounds in bio-oil were selected: ortho-, meta-, para-cresol, guaiacol, catechol, 4-methylcatechol, resorcinol, syringol, 4-ethylphenol and resol-type resin from each mono-aromatic were synthesized. Relevant features of the resin such as pH, viscosity, average molecular weight and curing behavior of resins using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) were analyzed. Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sapwood samples were used to evaluate the suitability of resin for wood treatment in terms of dimensional stability and were compared with the PF resin-treated wood. From all tested resins, those made of guaiacol or ortho-, or meta-, or para-cresol and/or 4-ethylphenol proved to be suitable for wood treatment, whereas resins made of catechol or 4-methylguaiacol and syringol did not. Suitability of mono-aromatics for synthesis of resol-type resin depends on chemical structure, where the reactivity of the mono-aromatic (derivative of hydroxybenzene) is defined by the type, location and number of substituents.

Phthalonitrile-etherified cardanol-phenol-formaldehyde resin: synthesis, characterization and properties

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayong Zhang ◽  
Xiaohui Liu ◽  
Xuefeng Bai ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
Liping Rong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Heat Resistance ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Mechanical Analysis ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Heat Resistant

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the heat resistance and heat-resistant oxygen aging of 4-nitrophthalonitrile-etherified cardanol-phenol-formaldehyde (PPCF) to further use and develop the resin as the matrix resin of high-temperature resistant adhesives and coatings. Design/methodology/approach PPCF resin was synthesized by 4-nitrophthalonitrile and cardanol-phenol-formaldehyde (PCF). The structures of PPCF and PCF were investigated by Fourier transform infrared, differential scanning calorimetry and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. In addition, the heat resistance and processability of PPCF and PCF resins were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques and rheological studies. Findings The results reveal that PPCF forms a cross-linked network at a lower temperature. PPCF resin has excellent resistance under thermal aging in an air atmosphere and that it still had a certain residual weight after aging at 500°C for 2 h, whereas the PCF resin is completely decomposed. Originality/value 4-Nitrophthalonitrile was introduced into PCF resin, and XRD and SEM were used to investigate the high temperature residual carbon rate and heat-resistant oxygen aging properties of PPCF and PCF resins.

scholarly journals The application of zinc citrate for the synthesis of carbon materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 01042
Author(s):  
Yuliya Sinelnikova ◽  
Nikolai Uvarov
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Carbon Materials ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Specific Capacity ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Cyclic Voltamperometry

Zinc citrate was prepared and its thermal decomposition was investigated by methods of thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Products of the thermal decomposition were investigated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The decomposition proceeds at temperatures 50 - 420 °C in three stages and leads to the formation of nanocrystalline ZnO with the average grain size of 23 nm. Subsequently, zinc citrate was used as a precursor of ZnO hard template for preparation of carbon mesoporous materials by the solid template method. The carbon materials were obtained by pyrolysis of polymer matrix of phenol-formaldehyde resin in which zinc citrate was added. It was found that the resulting material has a specific surface area of 1051 m2/g. According to the cyclic voltamperometry data, the material has a specific capacity 40 F/g.

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