The Textual Evolution of the Ottoman Şeyhülislams’ Fetvas: A Cross-Corpora Computational Analysis

Der Islam ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-545
Author(s):  
Boğaç Ergene ◽  
Atabey Kaygun
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Computational Techniques ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Institutional Evolution ◽  
Multiple Forms ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Over Time

Abstract In this article, we use a mix of computational techniques to identify textual shifts in the Ottoman şeyhülislams’ fetvas between the sixteenth and twentieth centuries. Our analysis, supplemented by a close reading of these texts, indicates that the fetvas underwent multiple forms of transformation, a consequence of the institutional evolution of the şeyhülislam’s fetva office (fetvahane) that aimed to speed up and streamline the production of the fetvas: over time, the texts appropriated a more uniform character and came to contain shorter responses. In the compositions of the questions, we identified many “trigger terms” that facilitated reflexive responses independent of the fetvas’ jurisprudential contexts, a tendency that became stronger after the second half of the seventeenth century. In addition, we propose in the article a methodology that measures the relative strengths of textual and conceptual links among the fetva corpora of various Ottoman şeyhülislams. This analysis informs us about possible paths of long-term evolution of this genre of jurisprudential documents.

Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

Data Mining ◽  
2013 ◽  
pp. 336-365
Author(s):  
Bing He ◽  
Bin Xie ◽  
Sanjuli Agrawal ◽  
David Zhao ◽  
Ranga Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
High Data ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Speed Up

With the ever growing demand on high throughput for mobile users, 3G cellular networks are limited in their network capacity for offering high data services to a large number of users. Consequently, many Internet services such as on-demand video and mobile TV are hard to be satisfactorily supported by the current 3G cellular networks. 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a recently proposed 4G standard, representing a significant advance of 3G cellular technology. Attractively, LTE would offer an uplink data speed up to 50 Mbps and a downlink speed up to 100 Mbps for various services such as traditional voice, high-speed data, multimedia unicast, and multimedia broadcasting. In such a short time, it has been broadly accepted by major wireless vendors such as Verizon-Vodafone, AT&T, NTT-Docomo, KDDI, T-Mobile, and China Mobile. In order for high data link speed, LTE adapts new technologies that are new to 3G network such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). MIMO allows the use of more than one antenna at the transmitter and receiver for higher data transmission. The LTE bandwidth can be scalable from 1.25 to 20 MHz, satisfying the need of different network operators that may have different bandwidth allocations for services, based on its managed spectrum. In this chapter, we discuss the major advance of the LTE and its recent research efforts in improving its performance. Our illustration of LTE is comprehensive, spanning from the LTE physical layer to link layer. In addition, the LTE security is also discussed.

Music and cremation rituals in The Netherlands: A fine-grained analysis of a crematorium’s playlist

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 806-817
Author(s):  
Doris van der Smissen ◽  
Margaret A Steenbakker ◽  
Martin J M Hoondert ◽  
Menno M van Zaanen
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Computational Analysis ◽  
Qualitative Approach ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Musical Analysis ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
History Of ◽  
Multi Method Approach ◽  
Method Approach

Abstract Although music is an important part of cremation rituals, there is hardly any research regarding music and cremations. This lack of research has inspired the authors to conduct a long-term research project, focusing on musical and linguistic aspects of music played during cremations. This article presents the analysis of a playlist consisting of twenty-five sets of music, each consisting of three tracks, used in a crematorium in the south of The Netherlands from 1986 onward. The main objective is to identify the differences and similarities of the twenty-five sets of musical tracks regarding content and musical properties. Consequently, we aim to provide insight in the history of (music played during) cremation rituals in The Netherlands. To analyze the musical properties of the sets, the authors use both a qualitative approach (close reading and musical analysis) and a computational analysis approach. The article demonstrates that a combination of a close reading and musical analysis and a computational analysis is necessary to explain the differences in properties of the sets. The presented multi-method approach may allow for comparisons against musical preferences in the context of current cremations, which makes it possible to trace the development of music and cremation rituals.

Movement Legacies

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella della Porta ◽  
Massimiliano Andretta ◽  
Tiago Fernandes ◽  
Eduardo Romanos ◽  
Markos Vogiatzoglou
Keyword(s):  
Social Movements ◽  
Social Movement ◽  
Organizational Structures ◽  
Path Dependency ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Cultural Assumptions ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Transitions To Democracy ◽  
Over Time

Chapter 4 analyzes movements’ legacies. Transitions to democracy create new cultural assumptions that shape the development of social movements: the ways in which activists identify social problems, organize, and protest over time. After conceptualizing the main models of social movement families, it examines their long-term evolution in each of the four countries, with a focus on the path dependency of the transition time but also on turning points in the movements’ post-transition histories. Building upon main concepts in social movement studies, it covers movements’ traditions as organizational structures (unions, parties, new social movements, anarchists, and so on), repertoires of action (strikes, demonstrations, innovations), and framing (left, libertarian).

Quelle grammaire française pour les étrangers , du seizième au dix-huitième siècle?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valérie Raby
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Second Language ◽  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
General Framework ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
French Language ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Term Evolution

French grammatical texts from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century are heterogeneous and it would be misleading to analyse them along facile oppositions such as practical vs speculative or theoretical grammars; first- vs second-language grammars. A proper understanding of the functions and unity of these texts – and, more specifically, of grammars explicitly aimed at a foreign audience – needs to take into account the long-term evolution of the grammatisation of the French language. While the general framework of French grammars remains remarkably stable along this period, their pedagogical scope, from the second half of the seventeenth century onward, becomes redefined by the split between ‘general’ grammar and ‘particular’ grammar (i.e. single-language oriented grammar).

scholarly journals Phenotypic and molecular evolution across 10,000 generations in laboratory budding yeast populations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milo S. Johnson ◽  
Shreyas Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Juhee Goyal ◽  
Megan E. Dillingham ◽  
Christopher W. Bakerlee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

AbstractLaboratory experimental evolution provides a window into the details of the evolutionary process. To investigate the consequences of long-term adaptation, we evolved 205 S. cerevisiae populations (124 haploid and 81 diploid) for ∼10,000 generations in three environments. We measured the dynamics of fitness changes over time, finding repeatable patterns of declining adaptability. Sequencing revealed that this phenotypic adaptation is coupled with a steady accumulation of mutations, widespread genetic parallelism, and historical contingency. In contrast to long-term evolution in E. coli, we do not observe long-term coexistence or populations with highly elevated mutation rates. We find that evolution in diploid populations involves both fixation of heterozygous mutations and frequent loss-of-heterozygosity events. Together, these results help distinguish aspects of evolutionary dynamics that are likely to be general features of adaptation across many systems from those that are specific to individual organisms and environmental conditions.

scholarly journals DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR WITH 3 SLOT MICROSTRIP ANTENNA FOR APPLICATION LTE 2.1 GHz

SINERGI ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 127
Author(s):  
Yusnita Rahayu ◽  
Irfan Alwandi Pohan
Keyword(s):  
Microstrip Antenna ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Antenna Feed ◽  
Feed Line ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
The Right ◽  
Network Technologies ◽  
Transmission Speed ◽  
Over Time

A rapid development of telecommunications technology, and over time, the existing network technologies continue to be developed. To create the latest technology called Long Term Evolution (LTE). With the technology that has a high transmission speed, of course, required new devices that can operate on this network. Antennas are needed on these networks is an antenna that is small and easily integrated. In this case, the right antenna to be used is the microstrip antenna. In this paper, which will be designed antenna is an antenna feed line rectangle shapes that can operate at a frequency of 2.1 GHz.

Study and Application of Data Stub in TD-LTE

2013 ◽  
Vol 427-429 ◽  
pp. 2672-2678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Li ◽  
Xi Jin
Keyword(s):  
Mobile Communication ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Research Focus ◽  
Communication Development ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Speed Up ◽  
Software And Hardware

LTE (long term evolution) and its advanced technology have become a research focus of worldwide mobile communication development. This paper mainly proposes a method of data stub which can be used to speed up the development of TD-LTE equipment. Through analysing and implementing the complete TD-LTE access procedure, we find it is feasible that the development, debugging and verifying protocol signaling procedures are carried out by data stub in parallel. That can accelerate the project development schedule and promote the combination of software and hardware as early as possible. In the process of TD-LTE eNB development, comparing with the method of traditional serial development and debugging, we have shortened nearly half of the time taken to develop and debug TD-LTE attach procedure by data stub.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and molecular evolution across 10,000 generations in laboratory budding yeast populations

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milo S Johnson ◽  
Shreyas Gopalakrishnan ◽  
Juhee Goyal ◽  
Megan E Dillingham ◽  
Christopher W Bakerlee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evolution ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Mutation Rates ◽  
Historical Contingency ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time

Laboratory experimental evolution provides a window into the details of the evolutionary process. To investigate the consequences of long-term adaptation, we evolved 205 Saccharomyces cerevisiae populations (124 haploid and 81 diploid) for ~10,000 generations in three environments. We measured the dynamics of fitness changes over time, finding repeatable patterns of declining adaptability. Sequencing revealed that this phenotypic adaptation is coupled with a steady accumulation of mutations, widespread genetic parallelism, and historical contingency. In contrast to long-term evolution in E. coli, we do not observe long-term coexistence or populations with highly elevated mutation rates. We find that evolution in diploid populations involves both fixation of heterozygous mutations and frequent loss-of-heterozygosity events. Together, these results help distinguish aspects of evolutionary dynamics that are likely to be general features of adaptation across many systems from those that are specific to individual organisms and environmental conditions.

Long-Term Evolution (LTE)

2011 ◽  
pp. 332-362
Author(s):  
Bing He ◽  
Bin Xie ◽  
Sanjuli Agrawal ◽  
David Zhao ◽  
Ranga Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Cellular Networks ◽  
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Long Term Evolution ◽  
High Data ◽  
Term Evolution ◽  
Input Multiple Output ◽  
Speed Up

With the ever growing demand on high throughput for mobile users, 3G cellular networks are limited in their network capacity for offering high data services to a large number of users. Consequently, many Internet services such as on-demand video and mobile TV are hard to be satisfactorily supported by the current 3G cellular networks. 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) is a recently proposed 4G standard, representing a significant advance of 3G cellular technology. Attractively, LTE would offer an uplink data speed up to 50 Mbps and a downlink speed up to 100 Mbps for various services such as traditional voice, high-speed data, multimedia unicast, and multimedia broadcasting. In such a short time, it has been broadly accepted by major wireless vendors such as Verizon-Vodafone, AT&T, NTT-Docomo, KDDI, T-Mobile, and China Mobile. In order for high data link speed, LTE adapts new technologies that are new to 3G network such as Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO). MIMO allows the use of more than one antenna at the transmitter and receiver for higher data transmission. The LTE bandwidth can be scalable from 1.25 to 20 MHz, satisfying the need of different network operators that may have different bandwidth allocations for services, based on its managed spectrum. In this chapter, we discuss the major advance of the LTE and its recent research efforts in improving its performance. Our illustration of LTE is comprehensive, spanning from the LTE physical layer to link layer. In addition, the LTE security is also discussed.

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