Prevalence Rate (Ratio)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Duffus ◽  
Monica Nordberg ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio

scholarly journals 803. The Impact of Bundled Interventions to Decrease Transmission of Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Wastewater Drain Sites on a Hematologic Malignancy/Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Unit

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S496-S496
Author(s):  
Lauren Fontana ◽  
Morgan Hakki ◽  
Richard Zhang ◽  
William Messer ◽  
Grace Walker-Stevenson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Hematologic Malignancy ◽  
Cell Transplant ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Prevalence Survey ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Intervention Point ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Wastewater drain (WWD) sites are an important reservoir for amplification, propagation and transmission of multidrug resistant organisms. We observed an increase in the incidence of carbapenem and fluoroquinolone non-susceptible (CP-NS and FQ-NS) P. aeruginosa bloodstream infections (BSI) among patients on our hematologic malignancies (HM) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) unit. The incidence of CP-NS/FQ-NS P. aeruginosa BSI from 2012 through May 2021 is represented in Figure 1. We sought to determine the impact of low-cost, low-barrier interventions targeting WWD sites on the prevalence of patient and environmental P. aeruginosa colonization and incidence of BSI. Figure 1. Incidence of P. aeruginosa BSI, 2012 through May 2021 Methods Behavioral and structural interventions to limit acquisition from WWD sites were informed by an environmental analysis and rolled out in staged fashion beginning in September 2019. Pre- and post-intervention colonization surveys were performed on the unit to assess for patient and WWD site P. aeruginosa colonization. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on select isolates. A sensitivity analysis performed accounted for the unconfirmed patient isolates. BSI data was collected retrospectively. Results Characteristics of the pre- and post-intervention groups are presented in Table 1. Five of 27 (18.5%) and 1 of 26 (3.8%) patients in the pre- and post-intervention point prevalence survey, respectively, were confirmed to be colonized with P. aeruginosa (Figure 2), corresponding to a prevalence rate ratio of 0.21 (0.03,1.66). If the two indeterminate samples in the pre-intervention period were positive, the prevalence rate ratio would instead be 0.15 (0.02,1.12). The most frequent P. aeruginosa strains identified by WGS from the patients and environment were 111, 308 and 446. At least 87% of rooms were colonized with P. aeruginosa from at least one WWD site, from pre- and post-intervention periods (Table 2). Table 1. Demographic and clinical characteristics of patients in each epoch. Results are given as percent (frequency) unless otherwise noted. Chi square test was used unless otherwise noted. Figure 2. Proportion of patients colonized with P. aeruginosa Positive: Colonized with P. aeruginosa, confirmed by WGS; Unknown: Phenotype of isolate suggestive of P. aeruginosa, WGS not performed; Negative: No growth on selective agar or non-P aeruginosa identification on WGS Table 2. WWD site colonization, by phenotypic and WGS determination. Fisher’s exact test was used unless otherwise noted. Conclusion P. aeruginosa WWD colonization on our HM/HCT unit may predispose patients to colonization and BSI. The prevalence of patient colonization decreased following implementation of the interventions, despite persistent environmental colonization. We will follow the incidence of P. aeruginosa BSI to determine the long-term impact of these interventions. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

Prevalence Rate (Ratio)

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica Nordberg ◽  
Douglas M. Templeton ◽  
Ole Andersen ◽  
John H. Duffus
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio

scholarly journals Epidemiology of Surgical Site Infection in a Community Hospital Network

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 519-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur W. Baker ◽  
Kristen V. Dicks ◽  
Michael J. Durkin ◽  
David J. Weber ◽  
Sarah S. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Colon Surgery ◽  
Causative Organism ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Community Hospitals ◽  
Bowel Surgery ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio ◽  
Over Time

OBJECTIVETo describe the epidemiology of complex surgical site infection (SSI) following commonly performed surgical procedures in community hospitals and to characterize trends of SSI prevalence rates over time for MRSA and other common pathogensMETHODSWe prospectively collected SSI data at 29 community hospitals in the southeastern United States from 2008 through 2012. We determined the overall prevalence rates of SSI for commonly performed procedures during this 5-year study period. For each year of the study, we then calculated prevalence rates of SSI stratified by causative organism. We created log-binomial regression models to analyze trends of SSI prevalence over time for all pathogens combined and specifically for MRSA.RESULTSA total of 3,988 complex SSIs occurred following 532,694 procedures (prevalence rate, 0.7 infections per 100 procedures). SSIs occurred most frequently after small bowel surgery, peripheral vascular bypass surgery, and colon surgery. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen. The prevalence rate of SSI decreased from 0.76 infections per 100 procedures in 2008 to 0.69 infections per 100 procedures in 2012 (prevalence rate ratio [PRR], 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82–1.00). A more substantial decrease in MRSA SSI (PRR, 0.69; 95% CI, 0.54–0.89) was largely responsible for this overall trend.CONCLUSIONSThe prevalence of MRSA SSI decreased from 2008 to 2012 in our network of community hospitals. This decrease in MRSA SSI prevalence led to an overall decrease in SSI prevalence over the study period.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:519–526

scholarly journals Variations and Determinants of Anemia among Reproductive Age Women in Five Sub-Saharan Africa Countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Josephine Nti ◽  
Seth Afagbedzi ◽  
Frances Baaba da-Costa Vroom ◽  
Noor Akma Ibrahim ◽  
Chris Guure
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Health Surveys ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Wealth Index ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
Demographic And Health Surveys ◽  
Women Of Reproductive Age ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Prevalence Of Anemia

Background. The Ghana Demographic and Health Survey 2014 report indicates that anemia among women in their reproductive age in the country stood at 42 percent, making it a severe public health problem according to the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. WHO Global Observatory data indicates that some sub-Saharan African countries have been able to reduce the prevalence of anemia among women of reproductive age compared to Ghana in 2016. To inform policy decisions, data from the Demographic and Health Surveys 2014–2018 were analyzed to determine the disparities in the prevalence of anemia and related factors among women of reproductive age in Ghana, Ethiopia, Uganda, Tanzania, and Rwanda. Methods. This research utilized data from the Demographic and Health Surveys 2014, 2016, 2014-2015, 2015-2016, and 2016 from Ghana, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, respectively. Respondents were women aged between 15 and 49 years. Hemoglobin levels were measured by HemoCue hemoglobin meter. 45,299 women data were extracted from the five countries with 4,644, 14,923, 6,680, 13,064, and 5,988 from Ghana, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, respectively. Association between anemia and selected predictive variables was assessed using Pearson’s chi-square test statistic. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to estimate the prevalence rate ratios of developing anemia. The deviance goodness of fit test was employed to test the fit of the Poisson model to the data set. Results. There was a statistically significant difference in prevalence of 1,962 (42.3%), 3,527 (23.6%), 1,284 (19.3%), 5,857 (44.8%), and 1,898 (31.7%) for Ghana, Ethiopia, Rwanda, Tanzania, and Uganda, respectively, χ 2 = 2,181.86 and p value < 0.001. Parity, pregnancy status, and contraceptives significantly increased the prevalence rate ratio of a woman developing anemia. Women in Ethiopia with a parity of six or more were 58% more likely to develop anemia than those with parity of zero. Tanzanian women who were pregnant had a 14% increased rate ratio of developing anemia. Factors that significantly decreased anemia in this study were wealth index, women’s age, and women’s highest level of education. Women who were in the higher education category in Ethiopia were 57% less likely to develop anemia. Ugandan women in the richest category of the wealth index were 28% less likely to develop anemia. Rwandan women in the middle category of the wealth index were 20% less likely to develop anemia. Women who were within the 45-49 age category in Ethiopia were 48% less likely to develop anemia. Conclusion. The individual country governments should encourage the implementation of increasing female enrollment in higher education. Women in their reproductive age should be encouraged to use modern contraceptives to reduce their anemia prevalence.

scholarly journals Supplementation with Small-Quantity Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements Does Not Increase Child Morbidity in a Semiurban Setting in Ghana: A Secondary Outcome Noninferiority Analysis of the International Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplements (iLiNS)–DYAD Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth Adu-Afarwuah ◽  
Rebecca R Young ◽  
Anna Lartey ◽  
Harriet Okronipa ◽  
Per Ashorn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Poor Appetite ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Nutrient Supplements ◽  
Child Morbidity ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio ◽  
Multiple Micronutrient ◽  
Noninferiority Margin

ABSTRACT Background Adequate knowledge about the safety of consumption of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNSs) is needed. Objective We aimed to test the hypothesis that SQ-LNS consumption is noninferior to control with respect to child morbidity. Methods Women (n = 1320) ≤20 wk pregnant were assigned to iron and folic acid until delivery with no supplementation for offspring; or multiple micronutrient supplements until 6 mo postpartum with no supplementation for offspring; or SQ-LNSs until 6 mo postpartum, and SQ-LNSs for offspring (6 mg Fe/d) from 6 to 18 mo of age [the lipid-based nutrient supplement (LNS) group]. We assessed noninferiority (margin ≤20%) between any 2 groups during 0–6 mo of age, and between the non-LNS and LNS groups during 6–18 mo of age for caregiver-reported acute respiratory infection, diarrhea, gastroenteritis, fever/suspected malaria, poor appetite, and “other illnesses.” Results During 0–6 mo of age, 1197 infants contributed 190,503 infant-days. For all morbidity combined, overall mean incidence (per 100 infant-days) was 3.3 episodes, overall mean prevalence (percentage of infant-days) was 19.3%, and the 95% CIs of the incidence rate ratio (IRR) and longitudinal prevalence rate ratio (LPRR) between any 2 groups were ≤1.20. During 6–18 mo, there were 240,097 infant-days for the non-LNS group and 118,698 for the LNS group. For all morbidity combined, group mean incidences were 4.3 and 4.3, respectively (IRR: 1.0; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.1), and mean prevalences were 28.2% and 29.3%, respectively (LPRR: 1.0; 95% CI: 1.0, 1.1). Noninferiority was inconclusive for diarrhea, fever/suspected malaria, and poor appetite. Conclusions SQ-LNS consumption does not increase reported overall child morbidity in this population compared with the 2 other treatments. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00970866.

scholarly journals Seasonal Variation of Common Surgical Site Infections: Does Season Matter?

2015 ◽  
Vol 36 (9) ◽  
pp. 1011-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Durkin ◽  
Kristen V. Dicks ◽  
Arthur W. Baker ◽  
Sarah S. Lewis ◽  
Rebekah W. Moehring ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Surgical Site Infections ◽  
Sensitivity Analyses ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio ◽  
Multivariable Regression ◽  
Rate Ratios ◽  
Estimate Prevalence ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

OBJECTIVETo evaluate seasonal variation in the rate of surgical site infections (SSI) following commonly performed surgical procedures.DESIGNRetrospective cohort study.METHODSWe analyzed 6 years (January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2012) of data from the 15 most commonly performed procedures in 20 hospitals in the Duke Infection Control Outreach Network. We defined summer as July through September. First, we performed 3 separate Poisson regression analyses (unadjusted, multivariable, and polynomial) to estimate prevalence rates and prevalence rate ratios of SSI following procedures performed in summer versus nonsummer months. Then, we stratified our results to obtain estimates based on procedure type and organism type. Finally, we performed a sensitivity analysis to test the robustness of our findings.RESULTSWe identified 4,543 SSI following 441,428 surgical procedures (overall prevalence rate, 1.03/100 procedures). The rate of SSI was significantly higher during the summer compared with the remainder of the year (1.11/100 procedures vs 1.00/100 procedures; prevalence rate ratio, 1.11 [95% CI, 1.04–1.19];P=.002). Stratum-specific SSI calculations revealed higher SSI rates during the summer for both spinal (P=.03) and nonspinal (P=.004) procedures and revealed higher rates during the summer for SSI due to either gram-positive cocci (P=.006) or gram-negative bacilli (P=.004). Multivariable regression analysis and sensitivity analyses confirmed our findings.CONCLUSIONSThe rate of SSI following commonly performed surgical procedures was higher during the summer compared with the remainder of the year. Summer SSI rates remained elevated after stratification by organism and spinal versus nonspinal surgery, and rates did not change after controlling for other known SSI risk factors.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.2015;36(9):1011–1016

Severe Surgical Site Infection in Community Hospitals: Epidemiology, Key Procedures, and the Changing Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2007 ◽  
Vol 28 (9) ◽  
pp. 1047-1053 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deverick J. Anderson ◽  
Daniel J. Sexton ◽  
Zeina A. Kanafani ◽  
Grace Auten ◽  
Keith S. Kaye
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Site Infection ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Site Infection ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Community Hospitals ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio ◽  
Trend Data ◽  
A Prospective Study

Objective.To characterize the epidemiology of severe (ie, nonsuperficial) surgical site infection (SSI) in community hospitals.Methods.SSI data were collected prospectively at 26 community hospitals in the southeastern United States. Two analyses were performed: (1) a study of the overall prevalence rates of SSI and the prevalence rates of SSI due to specific pathogens in 2005 at all participating hospitals and (2) a prospective study of consecutive surgical procedures at 9 of the 26 community hospitals from 2000 through 2005.Results.In 2005, a total of 1,010 SSIs occurred after 89,302 procedures (prevalence rate, 1.13 infections per 100 procedures). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was the pathogen most commonly recovered (from 175 SSIs). Trend data from 2000 through 2005 demonstrated that the prevalence rate of MRSA SSI almost doubled during this period, increasing from 0.12 infections per 100 procedures (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.12-0.13) to 0.23 infections per 100 procedures (95% CI, 0.22-0.24) (P<.0001). In adjusted analysis, MRSA SSI was significantly more prevalent at the end of the study period than at the beginning (prevalence rate ratio, 1.48 [95% CI, 1.36-1.61]; P<.0001).Conclusions.MRSA was the pathogen that most commonly caused SSI in our network of community hospitals during 2005. The prevalence of MRSA SSI has increased significantly over the past 6 years.

scholarly journals Variations in Incidence and Prevalence of Parkinson’s Disease in Taiwan: A Population-Based Nationwide Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chih-Ching Liu ◽  
Chung-Yi Li ◽  
Pei-Chen Lee ◽  
Yu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Research Database ◽  
The People ◽  
Prevalence Rate Ratio ◽  
Taiwan National Health Insurance ◽  
Adjusted Incidence Rate

Demographic, socioeconomic, and urbanization level variations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are rarely investigated, especially in Asia. This study describes an eight-year trend in PD incidence and prevalence in Taiwan as well as assessing the effects of sociodemographics and urbanization on the incidence and prevalence of PD. The data analyzed were acquired from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) entries between 2002 and 2009. The calendar year, sex, and age-specific rates were standardized, and the effects of the sociodemographics and urbanization on PD were assessed using Poisson regression analysis. PD incidence and prevalence showed a significantly increasing trend, with a greater magnitude noted for prevalence than for incidence (87.3% versus 9.2%). The PD incidence and prevalence increased with age and were slightly higher in men than in women. The people who were not under the labor force (i.e., dependents) or with lower monthly incomes were at significantly increased adjusted incidence rate ratio (1.50–1.56) and adjusted prevalence rate ratio (1.66–1.71) of PD. Moreover, significantly higher PD incidence and prevalence were noted in areas with lesser urbanization. This information emphasizes the need for preventive and clinical care strategies targeting the segment of Taiwanese population that exhibited a greater incidence and prevalence of PD.

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