scholarly journals Extending the Case for a Beneficial Brain Drain

2011 ◽  
Vol 231 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Bertoli ◽  
Herbert Brücker
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Skill Premium ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
Parameter Values

SummarySeveral destination countries still adopt general immigration policies, and are characterized by lower returns to education than the countries of origin of the migrants. These two stylized facts challenge the literature on the beneficial brain drain which demonstrates that migration can increase the average human capital in the sending countries if immigration policies are selective, or the skill premium at destination is higher than at origin. We propose a model with empirically sensible assumptions on immigration policies and skill premia, where individuals face heterogeneous and correlated education and migration costs. The model is consistent with a robust stylized fact, namely that the rate of migration increases with schooling, and it shows that the average level of education of the stayers can be increasing in the probability to migrate even in such a setting. Our simulation results prove that these findings hold for reasonable parameter values. This extends the case for a beneficial brain drain in a further direction.

scholarly journals Rates of Returns to Education and the Determinants of Earnings in Pakistan

1985 ◽  
Vol 24 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 671-683 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahrukh Rafi Khan ◽  
Mohammad Irfan
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
The Past ◽  
Earnings Functions ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Different Levels

This paper is a straightforward exercise in estimating earnings functions and computing the private rates of returns to different levels of education. The latter summarizes the incentives to the individual to invest in human capital formation, while the former helps in ascertaining the influence of both human and non human capital variables on the earnings of the individual. A few studies conducted in the past found the rates of returns to education in Pakistan not in conformity with those of the majority of the developing countries for which such estimates exist. The estimated rates were lower for all levels of education in Pakistan than in the developing world. Moreover, the computed rates of returns had a positive association with the level of education.

scholarly journals WEALTH CONSTRAINTS, MIGRANT SELECTION, AND INEQUALITY IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 535-567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joaquín Naval
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Migration Rates ◽  
Education Decisions ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
High Migration

This paper builds a theoretical framework for studying migration and education in developing countries. Migration and education decisions are affected by migrants' wealth constraints. Technology and migration costs determine the pattern of migration through level of education, income, and wealth inequality. The model predicts that in the first stages of technological development, migration rates increase, as does economic inequality over time, for high migration costs. At more advanced stages of development, migration rates and wealth inequality decline. I show that these predictions are in line with the data.

scholarly journals The Currency of Knowledge: Education and economic growth in Latin America

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Andrew Thomas Bosz ◽  
Andrew Anthony Rufatt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Latin America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Level Of Education

In the early 1960s, Latin America was on the brink of significant economic growth, withschool attainment and income levels well ahead of East Asia. However, by 2000, despitegreater financial and political efforts to develop their education system to the standard offully developed countries, Latin America had already been well surpassed by East Asia. Byconsidering the influence of education and human capital accumulation, this paperendeavours to rationalise the disparities between the economic failures of Latin America bycomparison to the economic prosperity of East Asia. Internationally standardised cognitivetesting consistently shows Latin America below East Asia, indicating a greater quality ofeducation in East Asia. Moreover, Latin America appears to experience some degree ofdifficulty in retaining its human capital due to ‘brain drain’. As such, whilst the LatinAmerican labour force continues to grow, the average level of education is deteriorating,which in turn adversely affects economic prosperity.

Unindustrialized Nations and Migration of Work Force: Evaluation of Human Capital during Globalization Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoja Shafti
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Intellectual Stimulation ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
And Migration

Among four essential features of globalization, which have been identified by the International Monetary Fund, immigration and leaving fatherland, has an important place, because it is about the human capital, which is the basis for social motion, organization, and evolution. During the last three decades of the 20th century, and continuing through the first two decades of the 21st century, there has been an increasing inflow of immigration to the world’s most highly developed countries. Parallel to the said move, brain drain, as well, is defined as the migration of educated workers in search of higher salaries, better standard of living and quality of life, access to advanced technology and more stable political circumstances in different places around the world. Limited career structures, poor intellectual stimulation, lack of research funding, threats of violence; and absence of good schooling are among the well-known motives for migration. By the way, brain drain has long been regarded as a serious restraint on the development of poor countries. While early literature supports the view that skilled migration is definitely damaging for those left behind, there are several recent studies that suggest that migration may in fact foster human capital formation and growth in sending countries. Before globalization, psychological problems of immigrants, like acculturation, had already a specific place in psychiatry. Now, while with increasing number of migrants, new accommodations and programs for responding to psychosocial complications of this huge number of refugees, outcasts, or valid émigrés seems more mandatory than before, the move toward universal measures, diagnoses and treatments of mental illness is inconsistent with the belief that mental distress is culturally and socially mediated. In the present article, the aforesaid circumstances, with reference to developing societies, have been surveyed from different perspectives.

Internal Geography, Labor Mobility, and the Distributional Impacts of Trade

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 252-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingting Fan
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Skill Premium ◽  
Domestic Economy ◽  
Spatial Equilibrium ◽  
Spatial Equilibrium Model ◽  
Unskilled Workers ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
Skilled And Unskilled Workers ◽  
Distributional Impacts

I develop a spatial-equilibrium model to quantify the distributional impacts of international trade in an economy with intranational trade and migration costs. Focusing on China, I find that international trade increases both between-region inequality among workers with similar skills and within-region inequality between skilled and unskilled workers, with the former accounting for 75 percent of the overall inequality increase. Ignoring spatial frictions will underestimate trade’s impact on the overall inequality and overestimate its impact on the aggregate skill premium. I further study how internal trade and Hukou reforms affect the domestic economy and the impacts of international trade. (JEL F14, F16, J24, O18, P23, P33, R12)

MONITORING HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT CONDITIONS IN RURAL AREAS

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2384-2369
Author(s):  
V.G. Zakshevskiy ◽  
◽  
Z.V. Gavrilova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Main Stage ◽  
Human Capital Development ◽  
Integral System ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Capital Development

The article discusses the problems that arise when monitoring the conditions for the development of human capital in rural areas, since, despite the sufficient number of works on monitoring the human capital in rural areas or the agricultural sector, the integral system of quantitative socio-economic indicators for assessing the human capital development conditions in rural areas remains poorly studied. First of all, a basic concept of monitoring is given, as well as an applied concept - monitoring the human capital development conditions in rural areas, which is understood as a system of constant monitoring, collection, registration, storage and analysis of several key parameters that assess the conditions for the formation and development of congenital and accumulated physical, mental and personal abilities and qualities of the population of rural areas, as well as acquiring knowledge and skills that can be used by them in order to deliver economic income or social effect. The monitoring process is presented in detail in the relationship of this category with concepts close to it (diagnostics, as a preliminary stage, monitoring as the main stage, appropriate policy development, as the final stage). The diversity of monitoring indicators used in the social sphere of human life is reflected: for rural areas, for the agrarian sphere, for the regional socio-economic system, for the development of municipalities' social and labor systems, for social factors of the region's development, etc. The authors' idea of an integral system of indicators for monitoring the human capital development conditions in rural areas is given, which is a combination of six blocks: health care, education, culture and sports, demography and migration, infrastructure, as well as socio-economic conditions.

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