Unindustrialized Nations and Migration of Work Force: Evaluation of Human Capital during Globalization Era

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 01-06
Author(s):  
Saeed Shoja Shafti
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Advanced Technology ◽  
Intellectual Stimulation ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
And Migration

Among four essential features of globalization, which have been identified by the International Monetary Fund, immigration and leaving fatherland, has an important place, because it is about the human capital, which is the basis for social motion, organization, and evolution. During the last three decades of the 20th century, and continuing through the first two decades of the 21st century, there has been an increasing inflow of immigration to the world’s most highly developed countries. Parallel to the said move, brain drain, as well, is defined as the migration of educated workers in search of higher salaries, better standard of living and quality of life, access to advanced technology and more stable political circumstances in different places around the world. Limited career structures, poor intellectual stimulation, lack of research funding, threats of violence; and absence of good schooling are among the well-known motives for migration. By the way, brain drain has long been regarded as a serious restraint on the development of poor countries. While early literature supports the view that skilled migration is definitely damaging for those left behind, there are several recent studies that suggest that migration may in fact foster human capital formation and growth in sending countries. Before globalization, psychological problems of immigrants, like acculturation, had already a specific place in psychiatry. Now, while with increasing number of migrants, new accommodations and programs for responding to psychosocial complications of this huge number of refugees, outcasts, or valid émigrés seems more mandatory than before, the move toward universal measures, diagnoses and treatments of mental illness is inconsistent with the belief that mental distress is culturally and socially mediated. In the present article, the aforesaid circumstances, with reference to developing societies, have been surveyed from different perspectives.

scholarly journals Extending the Case for a Beneficial Brain Drain

2011 ◽  
Vol 231 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Bertoli ◽  
Herbert Brücker
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Returns To Education ◽  
Skill Premium ◽  
Immigration Policies ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Costs ◽  
Parameter Values

SummarySeveral destination countries still adopt general immigration policies, and are characterized by lower returns to education than the countries of origin of the migrants. These two stylized facts challenge the literature on the beneficial brain drain which demonstrates that migration can increase the average human capital in the sending countries if immigration policies are selective, or the skill premium at destination is higher than at origin. We propose a model with empirically sensible assumptions on immigration policies and skill premia, where individuals face heterogeneous and correlated education and migration costs. The model is consistent with a robust stylized fact, namely that the rate of migration increases with schooling, and it shows that the average level of education of the stayers can be increasing in the probability to migrate even in such a setting. Our simulation results prove that these findings hold for reasonable parameter values. This extends the case for a beneficial brain drain in a further direction.

Brain Drain Controversy and African Scholars

1979 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Man Singh Das
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Asian Student ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The World

The phenomenon popularly known as brain drain has attracted growing concern in the United States and abroad (Tulsa Daily World, 1967; Committee on Manpower... 1967; Asian Student, 1968a: 3; 1968b: 1; 1969: 3; Institute of Applied Manpower . . . 1968; U. S. Congress, 1968; Gardiner, 1968: 194-202; Bechhofer, 1969: 1-71; Committee on the International Migration . . . 1970). The notion has been expressed that the poor countries of the world are being deprived of their talent and robbed of their human resources by the exchange of scholars and students which goes on between nations (U.S. Congress, 1968: 16-25; Mondale, 1967a: 24-6; 1967b: 67-9). Implicit is the idea that many students from these less developed countries go to the more highly developed and industrialized countries for study and decide not to return to their homeland.

International Trade or Technology? Who is Left Behind and What to do about it

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Harrison
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Emerging Markets ◽  
Technical Change ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Global Markets ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Left Behind

Abstract We examine globalization’s effects on those left behind in both industrial and emerging markets. While access to global markets has lifted billions out of poverty in emerging markets, the benefits have not been equally shared. Increased competition through globalization as well as skill-biased technical change have hurt less educated workers in rich and poor countries. While much of the rising inequality is often attributed to globalization alone, a brief review of the literature suggests that labor-saving technology has likely played an even more important role. The backlash has focused on the negative consequences of globalization in developed countries, and now threatens the global trading system and access to that system for emerging markets. We conclude by proposing some solutions to compensate losers from the twin forces of technical change and globalization.

On the Brain Drain of Africans to America: Some Methodological Observations

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Nii-Amoo Dodoo ◽  
Baffour Takyi ◽  
Jesse Mann
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Accounting System ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Relative Comparisons ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Brain

AbstractRecurring debates about the impact of the brain drain— the developing world's loss of human capital to more developed countries—has motivated estimation of the magnitude of the phenomenon, most recently by the World Bank. Although frequently cited as a key contributor to Africa's wanting development record, what constitutes the "brain-drain" is not always clearly defined. Today, in the absence of an accounting system, resolution of the definitional and measurement question depends on relative comparisons of measurement variants, which will identify definitional shortcomings by clarifying the merits and demerits of these variants, and thereby suggest corrective imputations. This paper compares the World Bank's approach to a chronological precedent (Dodoo 1997) to clarify the value of variant comparisons. The resultant implications for corrections are also discussed.

scholarly journals Brain Drain: Migration of Healthcare Professionals in a Globalized World

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 63-72
Author(s):  
Gaurav Mahindra ◽  
Hamendra Kumar Dangi
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Healthcare Professionals ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Healthcare Spending ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Healthcare Sector ◽  
Technological Developments ◽  
Human Capital Flight ◽  
Globalized World

ABSTRACT Social, economic and technological developments due to globalization have led to a surge in international demand for skilled workforce. Developed economies have made concerted efforts in not only attracting but also in retaining such human capital. Healthcare sector has been no exception. With limited career opportunities within their own country and a host of pull factors in developed countries, India and other developing countries have seen an exodus of medical and other professionals, what is known as ‘Brain Drain’. Shortages thus resulting from migration of health workers have even mitigated the effects of increased domestic healthcare spending. The health workers hold strategic importance in a nation's health systems and disease control initiatives. The resulting imbalances could have a detrimental effect on the social as well as economic fabric of such sending countries. This study is an effort in understanding the factors encouraging human capital flight and thus seeking short-term and long-term measures in dealing with it. This research brings forth strategies to deal with brain drain by forming mutually beneficial relationships with the diasporas. This reciprocity will lead to circulation of skills between source and receiving countries. Formulating suitable policies would ensure correcting the human resource imbalances within countries on a sustainable basis. How to cite this article Mahindra G, Dangi HK. Brain Drain: Migration of Healthcare Professionals in a Globalized World. Int J Res Foundation Hosp Healthc Adm 2014;2(2):63-72.

scholarly journals Impact of Human Capital on GNP Level

2008 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21
Author(s):  
Željko Požega ◽  
Boris Crnković
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Gross National Product ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Human Potential ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Social Growth ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
Eastern European Countries

Impact of Human Capital on GNP LevelIt is possible to achieve faster rates of social growth, greater developement, a better standard of living and narrow the gap between rich and poor countries by changing a government's economic policies so that they emphasize investments in the developement of human potential. An increase in motivation, knowledge, levels of education and team organization, as well as a strengthening of citizens' moral, intellectual and social potential will, as the results of investigations quoted in this article show, bring faster growth of the Gross National Product (GNP). There is still a paradigm prevailing in south-eastern European countries to invest more in physical capital than in human capital. This paradigm is the reason that these countries continue to fall behind the most developed countries in the world.

scholarly journals Brain Drain or Brain Circulation? Economic and Non-Economic Factors Driving the International Migration of German Citizens

2021 ◽  
pp. 65-83
Author(s):  
Andreas Ette ◽  
Nils Witte
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Capital Mobility ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Global Work ◽  
Migration Theories

AbstractInternational movements by people from economically highly developed welfare states are a puzzle for the classic canon of migration theories, which generally focus on flows from less to more developed regions. Based on a simple theoretical framework linking largely disparate literatures on international and internal migration as well as the field of global work experience, this chapter provides an analysis of the emigration and remigration decisions of German citizens. Whereas the five theoretical dimensions-expected financial returns, job satisfaction, social capital, mobility capital, and employment in transnational professions-already explain much of the variance in the emigration decisions, the theoretical and empirical understanding of remigration decision-making processes remains a challenge. Contributing to recent debates about a brain drain from economically highly developed countries, this chapter provides evidence that the international migration of German citizens is best understood as brain circulation. Temporary migration dominates these international movements and emigrants are similar to remigrants along many theoretical dimensions. Although some indications for a potential loss of human capital caused by international migration do exist, they remain insignificant in light of Germany’s overall volume of international migration. Political debates about flows of people from highly developed countries should focus less on potential losses of human capital for national economies and more on the economic and non-economic returns international migration offers for individual life courses.

scholarly journals The Currency of Knowledge: Education and economic growth in Latin America

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Andrew Thomas Bosz ◽  
Andrew Anthony Rufatt
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Latin America ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Prosperity ◽  
Level Of Education

In the early 1960s, Latin America was on the brink of significant economic growth, withschool attainment and income levels well ahead of East Asia. However, by 2000, despitegreater financial and political efforts to develop their education system to the standard offully developed countries, Latin America had already been well surpassed by East Asia. Byconsidering the influence of education and human capital accumulation, this paperendeavours to rationalise the disparities between the economic failures of Latin America bycomparison to the economic prosperity of East Asia. Internationally standardised cognitivetesting consistently shows Latin America below East Asia, indicating a greater quality ofeducation in East Asia. Moreover, Latin America appears to experience some degree ofdifficulty in retaining its human capital due to ‘brain drain’. As such, whilst the LatinAmerican labour force continues to grow, the average level of education is deteriorating,which in turn adversely affects economic prosperity.

scholarly journals INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND BRAIN CIRCULATION

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Peter Lang
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
International Migration ◽  
Brain Drain ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Complex Problem ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Destination Country ◽  
Brain Circulation ◽  
Brain Gain

Many highly developed countries suffer the economic consequences of a growthlimiting demographic gap, which they only can fill with immigration. However, immigrants must be capable to be integrated into the receiving economy based on age and education. However, emigration raises in the home-countries the complex problem of “Brain Drain” (including loss of human capital, reduction in unemployment), which is offset by a “Brain Gain” in the destination country due to immigration. It can be shown, however, that within the framework of an adapted migration policy there can be a "Brain Circulation" that has advantages for all countries involved

scholarly journals REMITTANCES IMPACTS ON SCHOOLING IN JORDAN: ANALYSES WITH RESPECT TO MIGRANT DESTINATION

New Medit ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-56
Author(s):  
Selim Çağatay ◽  
Mehmet Mert ◽  
Onur Koska ◽  
Andrés Artal-Tur
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Capital Formation ◽  
Arab Countries ◽  
Panel Survey ◽  
Human Capital Formation ◽  
Left Behind ◽  
Family Disruption ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Host Heterogeneity

The two channels that explain how migration of a household member affects human capital formation of those left-behind are income and family disruption effects. In this study, remittances and migration impacts on human capital formation in Jordan is researched with respect to preferred migrant destinations and to the originating governorates of migrants. Jordan’s Labour Market Panel Survey-2010 is used to carry out the analyses. Remittances are found to have a positive impact on “schooling”, and findings do not change significantly across households with respect to the host country. There is no solid evidence of family disruption, except in households where both parents are absent; however, this is limited with those who have chosen Arab countries as the host. Heterogeneity in the education level of migrants from different governorates does not play a significant role that effects a schooling decision, except for Mafraq.

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