scholarly journals An Analysis of International Trade of Montenegro Using Statistics on the Operations of Transnational Corporations’ Affiliates

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Olivera Živković ◽  
Predrag Bjelić
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Statistical Concept ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Foreign Affiliates ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Foreign Corporations ◽  
International Transactions

Abstract Most of the international trade today takes place through transnational corporations that have changed its structure and directions of activity. The scope of international transactions that occur within transnational corporations is increasingly replacing the classical cross-border forms of import and export of goods and services. The transition process and the opening of Montenegro towards the rest of the world has had its influence on significant inflows of foreign direct investments and the presence of a large number of companies controlled by foreign capital. If we neglected the sales data of foreign corporations’ affiliates we would attain a distorted picture of the position of Montenegro in international trade. Through the analysis of the application of FATS statistics, which monitor the operations of these companies in Montenegro, we discovered the economic variables to which the foreign affiliates have made the greatest contribution. Our goal is to assess the benefits of Montenegro’s participation in international trade. The focus of the work is on the calculation of the export of Montenegro through the application of this new statistical concept.

scholarly journals Logística e comércio internacional da fruticultura no estado de Minas Gerais - Brasil

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-53
Author(s):  
Igor Martins Oliveira ◽  
Luiz Andrei Gonçalves Pereira
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
World Economy ◽  
International Markets ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
The Road ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
The World ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Transport Logistics

Na era globalização, a economia mundial tem vivenciado um processo de reestruturação produtiva, intensificando os fluxos nos territórios inerentes às interações espaciais de recursos, de bens e de serviços que circulam entre os mercados nacionais e internacionais. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as dinâmicas socioespaciais dos fluxos de comércio internacional do estado de Minas Gerais por meio da logística das redes de importações e de exportações de frutas, no período de 2000 a 2017. Como resultado, identificou-se que, no mercado externo de frutas, Minas Gerais se relaciona comercialmente com 88 países, sendo 52 nas redes de exportação e 36 na rede de importação. Na operacionalização dos fluxos no comércio global, a logística de transportes foi realizada através dos modais rodoviário, marítimo e aéreo, configurando-se como um elemento geográfico, visto que as transações comerciais demandam o gerenciamento da fluidez, do planejamento e da organização dos diferentes territórios.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Logística, Comércio Internacional, Fruticultura. ABSTRACTIn the era of globalization, the world economy has undergone a process of productive restructuring, intensifying flows in the territories inherent to the spatial interactions of resources, goods and services that circulate between national and international markets. The objective of this work is to analyze the sociospatial dynamics of the international trade flows of the state of Minas Gerais through the logistics of import and export fruit networks, from 2000 to 2017. As a result, it was identified that in the market Minas Gerais has a commercial relationship with 88 countries, 52 in export networks and 36 in the import network. In the operationalization of flows in global trade, transport logistics was carried out through the road, sea and air modalities, being configured as a geographic element, since commercial transactions demand the management of the fluidity, planning and organization of the different territories.KEYWORDS: Logistic, International Trade, Fruticulture.

scholarly journals Global Production Networks, New Trade Technologies and the Challenge for International Institutions

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-41
Author(s):  
Richard Pomfret
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Information And Communications Technology ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Production Networks ◽  
Global Production Networks ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Impact

In the twenty-first century, production processes and international trade in goods and services are being revolutionized by developments in information and communications technology. For many products, global production networks have rendered the label Made in Country X meaningless. With an increasing number of services, both for end-users and as inputs, being provided online, it becomes increasingly difficult to locate where value-added is being produced. This article seeks to document the impact of new technologies on international trade and to analyse the policy implications at the national and global level. A turning point is identified in the mid-1990s; up to 1995 there is no statistically significant relationship between internet usage and trade, but after 1997 the relationship is statistically significant. Use of the internet reduced trade costs, increased the size of trade flows and permitted greater fragmentation along global value chains. It also created opportunities for new international transactions, for example, based on ‘big data’. The article concludes with analysis of attempts to reach WTO agreements with respect to e-commerce and digitalization and of alternative fora in which these issues are being addressed, and relates the outcomes to the phenomenon of mega-regionalism. JEL Codes: F02, F68, 038

scholarly journals Creative products in international trade statistics

2010 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 47-71
Author(s):  
Joanna Wyszkowska-Kuna
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Creative Products ◽  
International Transactions

The products generated by the “creative industries” consist of creative goods and creative services. The goal of this publication is to show that most creative products that are classified in international transactions as creative goods are, in fact, creative services embodied in goods. In practice it means that in international trade in creative products it is the service products that dominate and international trade in creative services is highly underestimated. Changes in international statistics relating to the methods of classifying trade transactions in goods and services are analyzed in the further part of this paper. The author of the study makes also an attempt to evaluate if these changes are aimed at increasing the inclusion of embodied services and services delivered electronically into the value of international trade in services.

scholarly journals Impact of Import and Export on The Ghanaian Economy

2021 ◽  
pp. 377-389
Author(s):  
Whajah Samuel Miezah
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Main Hypothesis ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Vector Error ◽  
Integration Test ◽  
Augmented Dickey Fuller ◽  
Annual Time Series ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Annual Time ◽  
Auto Regression

International trade is a cross-border exchange of goods and services. Ghana, a developing country, is no different from countries that rely heavily on international trade. The study seeks to analyze data obtained from the secondary annual time series for the period 1990 to 2020. Through multiple regression analysis between the trade and the economic growth, Augmented Dickey fuller test, Johansen co-integration test, Vector auto regression test, and Co-variance analysis Vector error cointegration test were used to verify the main hypothesis. The emphasis reveals positive effect of trade on the GDP of Ghana thereby having significant impact on the Ghanaian economy.

scholarly journals Análisis del comercio exterior de autopartes en Colombia

Respuestas ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 71
Author(s):  
Martín Darío Arango-Serna ◽  
Daniela Gutiérrez-Sepúlveda ◽  
Luisa Fernanda Ortiz-Vásquez
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Trade Balance ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Government Documents ◽  
El Sistema ◽  
Balance Of Trade ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Auto Parts

Antecedentes: El comercio internacional es entendido como “el intercambio de bienes y servicios entre personas residentes en diferentes países”[1]. Las actividades de comercio exterior que se realizan en Colombia se encuentran basadas en la teoría mercantilista que fundamenta el aumento de la riqueza de un país en el comercio exterior a partir deuna balanza comercial positiva. Objetivo: El sector autopartes colombiano es relevante para la economía del país, al representar el 6.2% del PIB, lo que hace importante su análisis para entender su comportamiento. Metodología: Revisión y análisis del comercio exterior de autopartes en Colombia, con base a la literatura científica, documentos gubernamentales y el sistema de información de comercio exterior –SICEX. Resultados a partir de la información analizada se presenta un análisis de la balanza comercial para el sector autopartes en Colombiano, dando a conocer elementos relevantes del estudio de las partidas arancelarias registradas en las operaciones de importación y exportación de autopartes en los años 2009, 2010 y 2011. Conclusiones: Este artículo identifica las principales empresas, productos, países de origen y destino de las operaciones de comercio exterior de autopartes en Colombia, al ser esta una industria influyente en el crecimiento económico del país.Palabras claves: Comercio exterior, Balanza comercial, sector autopartes, partidas arancelariasAbstractBackground: The international trade is understood as “the interchange of goods and services between people living in different countries” [1]. International trade activities performed from Colombia are based on mercantilist theory, which is founded in the increase of wealth starting from a positive trade balance. Objective: To analyze the Colombian auto parts industry in order to understand its behavior, given its relevance for the national economy, as it represents 6.2% of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product). Methodology: Review and analysis of foreign trade of spare parts in Colombia, based on scientific literature, government documents and the information registered at the system of foreign trade -SICEX. Results: An analysis of the trade balance for the spare parts sector in Colombia is showed, providing relevant elements about the registered tariff items in the import and export operations of auto parts in 2009, 2010 and 2011. Conclusion:This paper identifies the main companies, products, countries of origin and destiny for the foreign trade operation of automotive spare parts in Colombia, given the influence and contribution of this industry for the economic growth of the country.Keywords: Foreign trade, auto parts industry, tariff items, balance of trade.

scholarly journals Legal basis for the use of e-commerce when entering international markets

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Nadiia DULHEROVA ◽  
Vlasta SHVAHIREVA
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Commerce Law ◽  
International Transactions

The paper is devoted to the study of e-commerce as an innovative way to implement a wide range of commercial relations remotely, and the readiness of the legal framework of the international community and Ukraine in particular to abandon traditional forms of doing business in favor of its digitalization. The paper examines US e-commerce law as a reference example of the progressive legal field of relationships emerging on the Internet. The paper reveals the key stages of development of e-commerce and the implementation of commercial relations in general. The paper also considers the regulations of governing the main aspects of e-commerce. The paper pays special attention to the analysis of the identification of obstacles and readiness of the international and Ukrainian legal framework for the formation of a safe environment for the free implementation of e-commerce. Аs the role of e-commerce in international trade is significant. In some countries, it reaches more than 50% of all purchases (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom). The future of international trade is closely linked to the development of e-commerce, as its advantages are obvious over traditional forms of trade. Evidence of this can be the forecasts of analysts. E-commerce in international trade today plays an important role, as the Internet has become an effective intermediary between merchants around the world. International transactions in goods and services have been transformed throughout the supply chain. E-commerce is a major driver of economic growth in both developed and developing countries. The low cost of concluding contracts on the Internet allows companies of all sizes to expand their sales abroad and look for suppliers through Internet commerce. But the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) into international business operations provides new opportunities and new challenges for businesses, governments, consumers and international organizations.

TRANSFER FİYATLAMA UYGULAMASININ İŞLETME PERFORMANSINA ETKİSİ VE VERGİSEL AÇIDAN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187
Author(s):  
Serdar KUZU
Keyword(s):  
Business Performance ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
International Transactions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The size of international trade continues to extend rapidly from day to day as a result of the globalization process. This situation causes an increase in the economic activities of businesses in the trading area. One of the main objectives of the cost system applied in businesses is to be able to monitor the competitors and the changes that can be occured as a result of the developments in the sector. Thus, making cost accounting that is proper according to IAS / IFRS and tax legislation has become one of the strategic targets of the companies in most countries. In this respect, businesses should form their cost and pricing systems according to new regulations. Transfer pricing practice is usefull in setting the most proper price for goods that are subject to the transaction, in evaluating the performance of the responsibility centers of business, and in determining if the inter-departmental pricing system is consistent with targets of the business. The taxing powers of different countries and also the taxing powers of different institutions in a country did not overlap. Because of this reason, bringing new regulations to the tax system has become essential. The transfer pricing practice that has been incorporated into the Turkish Tax System is one of the these regulations. The transfer pricing practice which includes national and international transactions has been included in the Corporate Tax Law and Income Tax Law. The aim of this study is to analyse the impact of goods and services transfer that will occur between departments of businesses on the responsibility center and business performance, and also the impact of transfer pricing practice on the business performance on the basis of tax-related matters. As a result of the study, it can be said that transfer pricing practice has an impact on business performance in terms of both price and tax-related matters.

What's at Stake for the LDCs, Now that the Uruguay Round Talks have been Suspended? (The Distinguishedl Lecture)

1991 ◽  
Vol 30 (4I) ◽  
pp. 579-599
Author(s):  
Robert E. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Multinational Firms ◽  
Uruguay Round ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Trade In Services ◽  
Trade Negotiation ◽  
Multilateral Trade Negotiation ◽  
Industrial Countries ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Foreign Affiliates ◽  
Merchandise Trade

Until negotiations collapsed in early December, the Uruguay Round gave promise of being the most significant multilateral trade negotiation since 1947, when the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GA TI) was implemented and tariffs levels of the industrial countries were sharply cut. There are at least three reasons for this conclusion. First, by agreeing at the outset to bring both agriculture and textiles under GATT discipline, the participants created the opportunity for both rich and poor agricultural exporting nations and relatively low-wage, newly industrializing LDCs to benefit significantly from GATT-sponsored trade negotiations. Prior to the Uruguay Round, the benefits to these countries of such negotiations had been limited, since these two sectors were excluded from any significant liberalization. Second, by agreeing to formulate new rules relating to trade in services, trade-related aspects of· intellectual property rights, and trade-related investment issues, members took an important step in modernizing the GATT. As economic globalization has accelerated, there is a growing realization that arms-length merchandise transactions, the traditional concern of the GATT, are only one aspect of the real-side economic relations of current concern to national policy-makers and the economic interests they represent Now international commercial activities also involve merchandise trade among multinational firms and their foreign affiliates, international trade in services among independent agents as well as among affiliated enterprises, foreign direct investment activities, production nf goods and services in foreign affiliates for sale either abroad or at home, international flows of technology, and temporary movements of labour across borders. Although the so-called new issues in the Uruguay Round do not cover all of these matters, they go a considerable way in making the GATT more relevant for dealing with the problems of increasing internationalization.

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