scholarly journals Legal basis for the use of e-commerce when entering international markets

2020 ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
Nadiia DULHEROVA ◽  
Vlasta SHVAHIREVA
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
The United States ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Commerce Law ◽  
International Transactions

The paper is devoted to the study of e-commerce as an innovative way to implement a wide range of commercial relations remotely, and the readiness of the legal framework of the international community and Ukraine in particular to abandon traditional forms of doing business in favor of its digitalization. The paper examines US e-commerce law as a reference example of the progressive legal field of relationships emerging on the Internet. The paper reveals the key stages of development of e-commerce and the implementation of commercial relations in general. The paper also considers the regulations of governing the main aspects of e-commerce. The paper pays special attention to the analysis of the identification of obstacles and readiness of the international and Ukrainian legal framework for the formation of a safe environment for the free implementation of e-commerce. Аs the role of e-commerce in international trade is significant. In some countries, it reaches more than 50% of all purchases (for example, the United States and the United Kingdom). The future of international trade is closely linked to the development of e-commerce, as its advantages are obvious over traditional forms of trade. Evidence of this can be the forecasts of analysts. E-commerce in international trade today plays an important role, as the Internet has become an effective intermediary between merchants around the world. International transactions in goods and services have been transformed throughout the supply chain. E-commerce is a major driver of economic growth in both developed and developing countries. The low cost of concluding contracts on the Internet allows companies of all sizes to expand their sales abroad and look for suppliers through Internet commerce. But the integration of information and communication technologies (ICT) into international business operations provides new opportunities and new challenges for businesses, governments, consumers and international organizations.

scholarly journals The International Trade Regime and the Quest for Free Digital Trade

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 671-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamel Azmeh ◽  
Christopher Foster ◽  
Jaime Echavarri
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Trade Regime ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Internet Age ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
Previous Decade

Abstract The global economy is experiencing the digitalization of production, exchange, and consumption of goods and services. The internet and cross-border data flows are becoming important channels of trade as more products are traded through the web or integrate features that rely on digital connectivity. Reflecting the autonomy states have to enact such policies, national variations in internet governance have expanded over the previous decade, with states increasingly looking to use internet and data policies for economic and trade objectives. These dynamics are having important implications on the international trade regime through challenging existing trade rules and creating demands for new rules. This has resulted in growing debates in the trade arena around “digital trade,” as a number of states, led by the United States, push for rules as a way to discipline national internet policies and support trade in digital goods and services. This paper examines the political economy of this campaign. We argue that the objectives of this campaign go beyond updating rules to better fit the “Internet age” into achieving further liberalization of trade in goods and services. We highlight the technological contingency of existing international rules and show how technological shifts have been a driver of competitive regime creation and forum shifting contributing to processes of fragmentation of the international trade regime.

Electronic Government Strategies and Research in the U.S.

2005 ◽  
pp. 1012-1017
Author(s):  
Charles C. Hinnant ◽  
Steve Sawyer
Keyword(s):  
Private Sector ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Electronic Government ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Digital Government ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Civic Awareness ◽  
Private Sector Organizations

Since the mid-1990s, adoption of wide-area computer networks, such as the Internet and the World Wide Web (WWW), by the public, educational institutions and private sector organizations has helped spur an interest in using these new Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) as a means to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of organizational processes. Private sector firms have focused on using Internet-based technologies, especially the browser-based technologies of the WWW, as a means to conduct business transactions. The use of such electronic transmission technologies in carrying out business activities has generally been dubbed electronic commerce, or e-commerce (Schneider, 2003). Attempts to reinvent public organizations in the United States during the 1990s were heavily grounded in the belief that the adoption of new forms of ICT will streamline both service generation and delivery (Osborne & Gaebler, 1993; Gore, 1993). Some government actors and observers, such as the National Science Foundation, have more recently referred to the overall use of ICT to carry out the activities of government institutions as digital government. The term digital government has in many respects grown to refer to the development, adoption or use of ICT as a key component of a public organization’s internal information and control systems, as well as any use of ICT to facilitate interaction with external stakeholders. Some scholars have attempted to examine how governments have used ICT systems, such as the Internet and WWW, as a means to facilitate interactions with citizens and other stakeholders in an attempt to foster democratic processes via electronic media. These activities have been called electronic democracy, or e-democracy. This broad concept is then usually subdivided into two subsets of activities, electronic politics and electronic government. Electronic politics, or e-politics, centers on activities that facilitate civic awareness of political processes, as well as the ability of citizens to participate in those processes. Electronic government, or e-government, includes the use of ICT by government agencies to provide programmatic information and services to citizens and other stakeholders (Watson & Mundy, 2001).

scholarly journals Research Based on International Trade System and the Pursuit of Free Digital Trade

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Houqi Ji
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Technological Change ◽  
Driving Force ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Trading System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Data Flows ◽  
The World ◽  
International Trading

The world is witnessing the digitization of the production, exchange and consumption of goods and services in economy. The Internet and cross-border based data flows are becoming important trade channels as more products are traded online or with integrated functions that are based on digital connections. We emphasize the technical emergency element in existing international rules, which shows that technological change is a driving force for competitive regime creation and forum transformation, contributing to the process of fragmentation of the international trading system.

scholarly journals КОМУНІКАЦІЙНІ ТА ІНФОРМАЦІЙНІ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ В ТУРИЗМІ: ТЕОРЕТИКО-МЕТОДИЧНИЙ АСПЕКТ

2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (3) ◽  
pp. 48-56
Author(s):  
Володимир Станіславович Білозубенко ◽  
Міла Юріївна Разінькова ◽  
Наталія Олександрівна Небаба ◽  
Ольга Михайлівна Ятчук
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Organizational Factors ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Travel Services ◽  
Number Of Customers

The article provides insights into information and communication technology (ICT) issues used in the tourism industry. It is argued that information and communication technologies is a driving force behind the tourism industry which contributes to boosting positive effects to a number of internal travel company activities and organizational factors like net cost, market and competition. ICT has become a key impetus to enhance competitiveness of travel companies as well as of tourist destinations, since a wide range of technological advancements has triggered this evolution. Actually, the overall rapid development of information and communication technologies and the Internet, in particular, has dramatically changed the tourism industry making the Internet an effective marketing tool for the entire travel services sector. This tool is of critical significance to both suppliers and consumers in disseminating information, communication and purchasing goods and services online. It has been verified that the major technologies and ICT applications used in tourism are websites; digital marketing; social networks; multimedia; mobile technologies and intelligent environments (IE). A well-designed website proved its effectiveness in promoting customer loyalty to the website and its products. ICTs are changing the way tourism products are sold and apart from that are a powerful tool for marketing research. In tourism, customer reviews and recommendations are of great importance to enhance the travel company attractiveness and promote travel destinations. Apparently, tourist information involves a wide range of graphics and image data representation to ensure positive customer perception to travellers who plan their trip. The evolution of mobile technology and infrastructure is becoming a common attribute of everyday life. In modern market segmentation realia, travel companies need to know how to adapt their market offer at a time of booking and adjust travel services to a great number of customers and market segments. The research results specify that building strong relationships with the external environment will promote better coordination between all the tourism industry stakeholders. The future of tourism is to be focused on customer-centric technologies that will facilitate a more dynamic process of communication between travel companies and their customers.

Internet and Political Parties in Chile

2010 ◽  
pp. 276-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Araya Moreno ◽  
Diego Barría ◽  
Gustavo Campos
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Political Communication ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Internet ◽  
New Information ◽  
The World ◽  
Information And Communication

Due to the importance that the Internet has gained as a means of communication, literature on political communication has incorporated it as one of its preferred topics of focus. Literature stems almost entirely from Europe and the United States. Very little is known about the political use of new information and communication technologies (NICTs) in other parts of the world. The present chapter aims to provide evidence in that line, starting from the study of the incorporation of the Chilean political parties to the Internet. In specific, the following questions are answered: In what extent do factors such as the organizational characteristics of the political parties explain their greater or lesser adoption of NICTs? What do parties use NICTs for? Furthermore, although briefly, the authors will try to answer the question whether the parties have experienced change in their interaction with the citizenry and their bases because of the usage of NICTs.

Governing Digital Divides

2013 ◽  
pp. 1256-1271
Author(s):  
Francesco Amoretti ◽  
Fortunato Musella
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
The United States ◽  
Political Debate ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Political Resources ◽  
Digital Divides ◽  
Information And Communication

A great part of the rhetoric accompanying the rapid diffusion of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Western societies in recent decades has put the spotlight on their potential for generating economic growth and development in the socio-political arena. Yet mechanisms that generate disparities among citizens do not go away with the advent of electronic citizenship, as asymmetric access to economic and political resources limit access to new technologies. This contribution will be divided in three sections. In the first part, the concept of “digital divide” will be analysed by considering its first formulation in the US political debate during the Nineties, as well as the more recent efforts to consider the multidimensional nature of such category. In the second section significant quantitative measure of digital disparities between countries will be provided. Finally, it will show how developing countries adopting proprietary softwares are becoming dependent on the power of providers of ICT goods and services, which are mainly concentrated in the United States.

scholarly journals An Analysis of International Trade of Montenegro Using Statistics on the Operations of Transnational Corporations’ Affiliates

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-163
Author(s):  
Olivera Živković ◽  
Predrag Bjelić
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Transnational Corporations ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Statistical Concept ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Foreign Affiliates ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
Foreign Corporations ◽  
International Transactions

Abstract Most of the international trade today takes place through transnational corporations that have changed its structure and directions of activity. The scope of international transactions that occur within transnational corporations is increasingly replacing the classical cross-border forms of import and export of goods and services. The transition process and the opening of Montenegro towards the rest of the world has had its influence on significant inflows of foreign direct investments and the presence of a large number of companies controlled by foreign capital. If we neglected the sales data of foreign corporations’ affiliates we would attain a distorted picture of the position of Montenegro in international trade. Through the analysis of the application of FATS statistics, which monitor the operations of these companies in Montenegro, we discovered the economic variables to which the foreign affiliates have made the greatest contribution. Our goal is to assess the benefits of Montenegro’s participation in international trade. The focus of the work is on the calculation of the export of Montenegro through the application of this new statistical concept.

scholarly journals Freedom of Thought in the United States: The First Amendment, Marketplaces of Ideas, and the Internet

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
John Gregory Francis ◽  
Leslie Francis
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
First Amendment ◽  
Free Speech ◽  
The United States ◽  
Individual Autonomy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Regulatory Policies ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Freedom Of Thought

Abstract Freedom of thought is not directly protected as a right in the United States. Instead, US First Amendment law protects a range of rights that may allow thoughts to be expressed. Freedom of speech has been granted especially robust protection. US courts have extended this protection to a wide range of commercial activities judged to have expressive content. In protecting these rights, US jurisprudence frequently relies on the image of the marketplace of ideas as furthering the search for truth. This commercial image, however, has increasingly detached expressive rights from the understanding of freedom of thought as a critical forum for individual autonomy. Indeed, the commercialisation of US free speech doctrine has drawn criticism for “weaponising” free speech to attack disfavoured economic and regulatory policies and thus potentially affecting freedom of thought adversely. The Internet complicates this picture. This paper argues that the Supreme Court’s expansion of the First Amendment for the benefit of commercial actors lies in the problematic tension with the justification for individual freedom of thought resting in personal self-direction and identity.

scholarly journals Evaluation of optical particulate matter sensors under realistic conditions of strong and mild urban pollution

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6427-6443
Author(s):  
Adnan Masic ◽  
Dzevad Bibic ◽  
Boran Pikula ◽  
Almir Blazevic ◽  
Jasna Huremovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Urban Pollution ◽  
The United States ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Daily Average ◽  
Reference Instrument ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract. In this paper we evaluate characteristics of three optical particulate matter sensors/sizers (OPS): high-end spectrometer 11-D (Grimm, Germany), low-cost sensor OPC-N2 (Alphasense, United Kingdom) and in-house developed MAQS (Mobile Air Quality System), which is based on another low-cost sensor – PMS5003 (Plantower, China), under realistic conditions of strong and mild urban pollution. Results were compared against a reference gravimetric system, based on a Gemini (Dadolab, Italy), 2.3 m3 h−1 air sampler, with two channels (simultaneously measuring PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations). The measurements were performed in Sarajevo, the capital of Bosnia-Herzegovina, from December 2019 until May 2020. This interval is divided into period 1 – strong pollution – and period 2 – mild pollution. The city of Sarajevo is one of the most polluted cities in Europe in terms of particulate matter: the average concentration of PM2.5 during the period 1 was 83 µg m−3, with daily average values exceeding 500 µg m−3. During period 2, the average concentration of PM2.5 was 20 µg m−3. These conditions represent a good opportunity to test optical devices against the reference instrument in a wide range of ambient particulate matter (PM) concentrations. The effect of an in-house developed diffusion dryer for 11-D is discussed as well. In order to analyse the mass distribution of particles, a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), which together with the 11-D spectrometer gives the full spectrum from nanoparticles of diameter 10 nm to coarse particles of diameter 35 µm, was used. All tested devices showed excellent correlation with the reference instrument in period 1, with R2 values between 0.90 and 0.99 for daily average PM concentrations. However, in period 2, where the range of concentrations was much narrower, R2 values decreased significantly, to values from 0.28 to 0.92. We have also included results of a 13.5-month long-term comparison of our MAQS sensor with a nearby beta attenuation monitor (BAM) 1020 (Met One Instruments, USA) operated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), which showed similar correlation and no observable change in performance over time.

scholarly journals Formation of Digital Society and Geopolitical Competition

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-43
Author(s):  
D. V. Efremenko
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Mobile Communications ◽  
Digital Technologies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Powers ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The article discusses the growing interdependence between the geopolitical competition of great powers and the development of digital technologies. Throughout the 2010s, the contradictions of the leading states regarding the control and regulation of the Internet have noticeably intensified. In the absence of universal rules for information security, the Internet is evolving towards a kind of “gray zone” in which various actors can use the wide range of available tools to achieve their political or other goals without fear of being drawn into a full-scale conflict.Nowadays, the geopolitical rivalry, primarily between the United States and China, covers a wide range of digital technologies, including artificial intelligence. It is highly likely that during the 2020s, China and the United States will create two competing and increasingly less compatible global ecosystems for the development of the Internet of things, big data processing technologies, 5 G mobile communications, additive technologies, robotics, etc. The choice of one of the ecosystems will at the same time become a geopolitical choice, which, obviously, during the next decade all state actors in the system of international relations will have to make.

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