Der erste evangelische Superintendent in Siebenbürgen Paul Wiener (1495–1554): eine Brücke zwischen Laibach, Wien und Hermannstadt

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Karl W. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Church Leadership ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Reformation

Abstract The article is dedicated to the theologian Paul Wiener, a native of Carniola, who after his studies achieved a remarkable ecclesiastical career and turned into the most influential Church figure in Ljubljana. Under the influence of his colleague Truber, he was won over to the theological concerns of the Reformation, but was arrested by the Catholic ruler in 1546 for his Reformation stance. Under interrogation, he refused the suggested recantation and wrote instead a defense, which was considered a “complete apology of the Reformation” and referred to throughout Luther’s main Reformation writings. The trial ended with Wiener’s pardon, but he was exiled to Transylvania, where he was appointed preacher and town pastor. Elected the first superintendent of the Transylvanian Lutheran Church in 1553, he displayed a Wittenberg-oriented theology and ministry, especially in ordinations, where he placed the greatest emphasis on the Confessio Augustana. His Church leadership was, however, limited, as he died of the plague in 1554.

The Religious Right

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wuthnow
Keyword(s):  
Religion And Politics ◽  
Religious Right ◽  
Board Of Education ◽  
Science Standards ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
Religious Conservatism ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
State Board Of Education ◽  
Roman Catholics

This chapter examines the emergence of the Religious Right in Kansas. On May 31, 2009, Dr. George Tiller was murdered at the Reformation Lutheran Church in suburban Wichita. As one of the region's few providers of legal late-term abortions, Tiller had earned the ire of antiabortion activists. No issue brought churches as directly into the political arena during the late 1980s and 1990s as abortion. The Religious Right in Kansas gained national attention because of its role in encouraging the Kansas State Board of Education to approve science standards that downplayed the teaching of evolution. The decision raised questions such as: why Kansas was such a hotbed of religious conservatism; or why it mattered that independent evangelical Protestant churches were now on the same side of many issues as conservative Roman Catholics. The chapter explores the implications of the debate over evolution for Kansas religion and politics.

scholarly journals Simon Lyra and the Lutheran liturgy in the second half-century of the Reformation in Breslau

Muzyka ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Allen Scott
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Sacred Music ◽  
Musical Culture ◽  
Musical Life ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Musical Works ◽  
Printed Music ◽  
Congregational Participation ◽  
The Church

In 1593, Simon Lyra (1547-1601) was appointed cantor of the St. Elisabeth Church and Gymnasium in Breslau/Wrocław. In the same year, he drew up a list of prints and manuscripts that he considered appropriate for teaching and for use in Lutheran worship. In addition to this list, there are six music manuscripts dating from the 1580s and 1590s that either belonged to him or were collected under his direction. Taken together, Lyra’s repertoire list and the additional manuscripts contain well over a thousand items, including masses, motets, responsories, psalms, passions, vespers settings, and devotional songs. The music in the collections contain all of the items necessary for use in the liturgies performed in the St. Elisabeth Church and Gymnasium in the last quarter of the sixteenth century. This list provides valuable clues into the musical life of a well-established Lutheran church and school at the end of the sixteenth century. When studying collections of prints and manuscripts, I believe it is helpful to make a distinction between two types of use. Printed music represents possibilities. In other words, they are collections from which a cantor could make choices. In Lyra’s case, we can view his recommendations as general examples of what he considered liturgically and aesthetically appropriate for his time and position. On the other hand, manuscripts represent choices. The musical works in the six Bohn manuscripts associated with Lyra are the result of specific decisions to copy and place them in particular collections in a particular order. Therefore, they can provide clues as to what works were performed on which occasions. In other words, manuscripts provide a truer picture of a musical culture in a particular location. According to my analysis of Lyra’s recommendations, by the time he arrived at St. Elisabeth the liturgies, especially the mass, still followed Luther's Latin "Formula Missae" adopted in the 1520s. The music for the services consisted of Latin masses and motets by the most highly regarded, international composers of the first half of the sixteenth century. During his time as Signator and cantor, he updated the church and school choir repertory with music of his contemporaries, primarily composers from Central Europe. Three of these composers, Gregor Lange, Johann Knoefel, and Jacob Handl, may have been his friends and/or colleagues. In addition, some of the manuscripts collected under his direction provide evidence that the Breslau liturgies were beginning to change in the direction of the seventeenth-century Lutheran service in which the "Latin choir" gave way to more German-texted sacred music and greater congregational participation.

Hallelujahs, Damnations, or Norway's Reformation as Lengthy Process

1979 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 279-289
Author(s):  
K. E. Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Historical Research ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
Revolutionary Era ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of ◽  
University Of Oslo ◽  
Constitutional Monarchy ◽  
Lengthy Process

Though one of the most Protestant nations (approximately 96 percent belong to the state Lutheran church), Norway seemingly had neither cause nor opportunity to write the history of her Reformation. For her the modern writing of history began only in the early nineteenth century, triggered by the nationalism of the Napoleonic era and the July Revolution of 1830. Lacking the Reformation era's religious polemicism, Norway produced no church historians, such as those in other countries who helped found modern historiography in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. There was not even a printing press in Norway until 1643. But in 1811 Norway's first university, the present University of Oslo, was founded and soon became a center for historical research and writing. Far more important, on May 17, 1814, Norwegian representatives signed their constitution, making their land a constitutional monarchy. Precipitated by the 1814 Treaty of Kiel, which tore Norway from over four centuries of royal union with Denmark, a Napoleonic “loser,” and forced her into another ninety–year royal union with victorious Sweden, this constitution, as the only one from the revolutionary era to survive the Metternichian system, became the symbol of one of the most fervent and long-lasting displays of nationalism in modern times. This nationalism is the most important key toward understanding the writing Norwegian historians have done, or not done, about their Reformation.

Mapping the Memory of Luther: Place and Confessional Identity in the Later Reformation*

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-210
Author(s):  
Kat Hill
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Critical Time ◽  
Material Object ◽  
Specific Point ◽  
Hybrid Form ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Confessional Identity

Abstract In 1571 mapmakers Johannes Mellinger and Tilemann Stella produced a map of the county of Mansfeld, Luther’s birthplace. This article considers this map as a complex printed material object: it is far more than a straightforward representation of place as it is covered with historical details, quotations, writing and references to Luther’s life, the Reformation and Mansfeld’s history. It created a notion of Lutheran space and used this space as a form of memory-making and memorialization at a critical time in Lutheran history. The decades following the death of Luther, in 1546, were a time of crisis, when Lutheranism grieved the loss of the Wittenberg reformer while also inscribing its presence on the confessional map of sixteenth-century Europe. Mellinger and Stella’s map of Mansfeld reveals how second-generation Lutherans reconceptualized the landscape to provide an alternative way of writing Luther’s life, and how Lutherans could integrate pasts and places which were not specifically Lutheran into a providential narrative. The map addressed the tensions of tradition and novelty with its composite, hybrid form that combined space, events and person, and it historicized and reimagined space. This map demands that we think about how space functioned within a culture which wanted to remember Luther’s life and write histories in a way that could validate Lutheranism and its future, and in particular it focuses our attention on how memory-making at this specific point of existential concern shaped the Lutheran Church.

Reforming Church Space: Altarpieces and Their Functions in Early Modern Transylvania

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Maria Crăciun
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Religious Culture ◽  
Religious Art ◽  
Late Medieval ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Visual Evidence ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Confessional Identity ◽  
Ritual Context

AbstractFocused on an analysis of surviving late medieval religious art in Transylvanian Lutheran churches, this study wishes to explore the ways in which these images were presented to and viewed by the congregations after the Reformation of the Saxon community. The article considers the connection between these artifacts and the ritual context that framed them whilst assessing their ability to shape different patterns of piety and a new confessional identity. Drawing mostly on visual evidence, the study also relies on an exploration of the records of the synods of the Transylvanian Lutheran Church in order to understand this newly forged religious culture.

scholarly journals Cultural colonialism as a result of commercial activities: the linguistic perspective

AmS-Skrifter ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 163-174
Author(s):  
Alessia Bauer
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Commercial Activities ◽  
The North ◽  
The People ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Cultural Colonialism

The Hanse played not only a prominent economical role in the North Atlantic but the Germans also consistently influenced the culture of the people with whom they interacted and traded. Their presence led to a sort of cultural colonialism in Northern Europe, which, among others things, substantially shaped the Scandinavian languages. For several reasons, the Icelandic language was not influenced in the same way as the other Scandinavian languages; yet, one can find some traces of German in administrative language dating back to the Middle Ages. Furthermore, ‘cultural colonization’ by the Germans also certainly took place through the Reformation in Iceland. It was the German merchants who took the first seeds of the new faith with them to Iceland and marked their ‘conquest’ by building a Lutheran church. In this way, the merchants – like colonialists – claimed a space on foreign ground for themselves, where language played a very central role. 

scholarly journals Seigfljótandi siðaskipti

Ritið ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-197
Author(s):  
Hjalti Hugason
Keyword(s):  
Religion And Politics ◽  
The Political ◽  
Social Field ◽  
Political Field ◽  
Historical Process ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Church

This article is written on the occasion of the 500 years anniversary of the Lutheran reformation (siðbót) which started in 1517. The aim is to point out new perspectives worth considering in research on the main implications of the reformation in the political field (siðaskipti) and cultural and / or social field (siðbreyting). In this regard, it is pointed out that in researches of such a complex historical process is inevitable to assume pre-defined pardigms that can serve as prerequisites for the interpretation of the subject. It is also pointed out that, up to present time, a single one-sided paradigm which describes the reformation as a revolution has been assumed in Icelandic studies of the reformation which assumes that the transition from a catholic to a lutheran church in Iceland has been sudden and for more or less political reasons, ie. for the efforts of Christian the III:rd of Denmark to increase his assets, properties and power in the country. The article argues that the relationships between religion and politics was much more complexed at this time than has generally been expected, as well as that Christina the III:rd and his representatives in Iceland considered it as their duties as christians to promote the reformation in the country and in that way respond to the demand of Luther to the christian nobility to rescue the Church on the basis of the gospel. In the article it is assumed that the reformation in Iceland happened in the period 1539-1600 and the development took place on various religious, ecclesial, political and cultural fields. In that way it is meaningful to describe it as a viscous reformation.

scholarly journals Synod as the Embodiment of the Church — the Evolution of Lutheran Understanding of Synodality

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 77-94
Author(s):  
Marcin Hintz
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Church Management ◽  
Priesthood Of All Believers ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
Evangelical Churches ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Theological Foundation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

The concept of the synod plays a special role in the Evangelical ecclesiology. In the 20th century, the synod was radically defined as “the personification of the Church.” In the Evangelical tradition, however, there are equal Church management systems: episcopal, synodal-consistory, presbyterian (mainly in the Evangelical-Reformed denomination), and to a lesser extent congregational (especially observed in the so-called free Churches). Reformation theology understands the Church as a community of all saints, where the Gospel is preached purely and the sacraments are properly administered (Augsburg Confession — CA VII). The system of the Church does not belong to the so-called notae ecclesiae. An important theological doctrine of the Reformation is the teaching about the universal priesthood of all believers, which is the theological foundation of the idea of the synodal responsibility of the Church. In the 19th century synods concerned mainly clergy. In the 20th century, in the course of democratisation processes, most Evangelical Churches raised the importance of the synod in the overall management of the Church, and the Polish Lutheran Church introduced a provision into her law which stipulates that the synod is “the embodiment of the Church” and its supreme authority.

scholarly journals Central European Connections of Six Manuscript Organ Tablature Books of the Reformation Era from the Region of Zips (Szepes, Spiš)

2015 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Hulková
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Instrumental Music ◽  
Church Music ◽  
Central European ◽  
Protestant Church ◽  
Lutheran Church ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Music Collection

Tablature notations that developed in the sixteenth century in the field of secular European instrumental music had an impact also on the dissemination of purely vocal and vocal-instrumental church music. In this function, the so-called new German organ tablature notation (also known as Ammerbach’s notation) became the most prominent, enabling organists to produce intabulations from the vocal and vocal-instrumental parts of sacred compositions. On the choir of the Lutheran church in Levoča, as parts of the Leutschau/Lőcse/Levoča Music Collection, six tablature books written in Ammerbach’s notation have been preserved. They are associated with Johann Plotz, Ján Šimbracký, and Samuel Marckfelner, local organists active in Zips during the seventeenth century. The tablature books contain a repertoire which shows that the scribes had a good knowledge of contemporaneous Protestant church music performed in Central Europe, as well as works by Renaissance masters active in Catholic environment during the second half of the sixteenth century. The books contain intabulations of the works by local seventeenth-century musicians, as well as several pieces by Jacob Regnart, Matthäus von Löwenstern, Fabianus Ripanus, etc. The tablatures are often the only usable source for the reconstruction of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century polyphonic compositions transmitted incompletely.

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