Something Old, Something New, Something Borrowed, Something Blue: Part 3 – An Elephant Never Forgets

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-437
Author(s):  
Mark Dougherty
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
European Court ◽  
New Knowledge ◽  
The Right ◽  
Contextual Environment ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Index Services ◽  
Incomplete Picture

AbstractForgetting is an oft-forgotten art. Many artificial intelligence (AI) systems deliver good performance when first implemented; however, as the contextual environment changes, they become out of date and their performance degrades. Learning new knowledge is part of the solution, but forgetting outdated facts and information is a vital part of the process of renewal. However, forgetting proves to be a surprisingly difficult concept to either understand or implement. Much of AI is based on analogies with natural systems, and although all of us have plenty of experiences with having forgotten something, as yet we have only an incomplete picture of how this process occurs in the brain. A recent judgment by the European Court concerns the “right to be forgotten” by web index services such as Google. This has made debate and research into the concept of forgetting very urgent. Given the rapid growth in requests for pages to be forgotten, it is clear that the process will have to be automated and that intelligent systems of forgetting are required in order to meet this challenge.

scholarly journals Interactional Imogen: language, practice and the body

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 933-960
Author(s):  
Harry Collins
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Group ◽  
Language Practice ◽  
Political Consequences ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Here I try to improve on the available answers to certain long-debated questions and set out some consequences for the answers. Are there limits to the extent to which we can understand the conceptual worlds of other human communities and of non-human creatures? How does this question relate to our ability to engage in other cultures’ practices and languages? What is meant by ‘the body’ and what is meant by ‘the brain’ and how do different meanings bear on the questions? The central answer developed here is that it is possible, given the right circumstances, for a competent human from any human group to understand the culture of any other human group without engaging in their practices though there are barriers when it comes to communication across species. This answer has important social and political consequences and consequences for the debate about artificial intelligence.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence to Analyze the Cortical Thickness Through Age

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Ledesma ◽  
Mario-Alberto Ibarra-Manzano ◽  
Dora-Luz Almanza-Ojeda ◽  
Pascal Fallavollita ◽  
Jason Steffener
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Neural Networks ◽  
Artificial Neural Networks ◽  
Left Hemisphere ◽  
Cortical Thickness ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Unseen Data ◽  
Artificial Neural ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

In this study, Artificial Intelligence was used to analyze a dataset containing the cortical thickness from 1,100 healthy individuals. This dataset had the cortical thickness from 31 regions in the left hemisphere of the brain as well as from 31 regions in the right hemisphere. Then, 62 artificial neural networks were trained and validated to estimate the number of neurons in the hidden layer. These neural networks were used to create a model for the cortical thickness through age for each region in the brain. Using the artificial neural networks and kernels with seven points, numerical differentiation was used to compute the derivative of the cortical thickness with respect to age. The derivative was computed to estimate the cortical thickness speed. Finally, color bands were created for each region in the brain to identify a positive derivative, that is, a part of life with an increase in cortical thickness. Likewise, the color bands were used to identify a negative derivative, that is, a lifetime period with a cortical thickness reduction. Regions of the brain with similar derivatives were organized and displayed in clusters. Computer simulations showed that some regions exhibit abrupt changes in cortical thickness at specific periods of life. The simulations also illustrated that some regions in the left hemisphere do not follow the pattern of the same region in the right hemisphere. Finally, it was concluded that each region in the brain must be dynamically modeled. One advantage of using artificial neural networks is that they can learn and model non-linear and complex relationships. Also, artificial neural networks are immune to noise in the samples and can handle unseen data. That is, the models based on artificial neural networks can predict the behavior of samples that were not used for training. Furthermore, several studies have shown that artificial neural networks are capable of deriving information from imprecise data. Because of these advantages, the results obtained in this study by the artificial neural networks provide valuable information to analyze and model the cortical thickness.

scholarly journals PLACE OF METAPHOR IN NEUROPHYSIOLOGY AND THEORY OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Technical Object ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Integral Element ◽  
Creative Self ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spatially Oriented ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Control Interaction

The article analyzes metaphor through the prism of neurophysiological approach and theory of artificial intelligence. Also the most important concepts for management of technical object are considered: condition, algorithm and adaptation. Metaphor is an integral element of creative process, its necessary tool, it is metaphorical element in thinking, among others that promotes interaction of logical thinking with insight. Perception of an object means gaining "access" to those programs which control interaction with the object, i.e. through perception that is irrational, relative and limited in humans (and also limited in the robot), is a transition to the rational side of the brain where logical decisions are made. Metaphor and analogy, the abstract operate in the right hemisphere, which is the "producer" of creativity. Thus metaphor is extremely close to creativity and is one of the mechanisms of creative self-realization. Human brain evolved from the brain of animal that interacted with the environment without the help of language and which also has hemispheres of brain. If we consider language as one of the elements of brain improvement, it jeopardizes the approach of many psychologists who believe that language is primary. Animal does not use metaphor when it "communicates" with other animals: it gives signals and signs in its "direct" meaning, while man reinterprets some words through other ones where the spiritual is intertwined with the material. The vestibular apparatus, located in the temporal bone, controls the position of body in space and accelerates its movements, that is why language is spatially oriented, and hence metaphor is. Interestingly, the receptors are also present in the internal organs, such as those that control blood circulation or digestion. Existence of such receptors can explain existence of “occasional” metaphors based not on five known feelings.

scholarly journals The Right to a Fair Trial in Automated Civil Proceedings

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-44
Author(s):  
Maria Dymitruk
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Reasonable Time ◽  
European Court ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Judicial Proceedings ◽  
The Right

Challenges associated with the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in law are one of the most hotly debated issues today. This paper draws attention to the question of how to safeguard the right to a fair trial in the light of rapidly changing technologies significantly affecting the judiciary and enabling automation of the civil procedure. The paper does not intend to comprehensively address all aspects related to the right to a fair trial in the context of the automation of civil proceedings but rather seeks to analyse some legal concerns from the perspective of the Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights and the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. Section 1 discusses the issues of using artificial intelligence in the justice and automation of the judicial proceedings. Section 2 is devoted to the judge supporting system based on artificial intelligence and psychological requirements of its practical use. Section 3 presents the right to a fair trial in civil cases established by the Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights, while subsequent sections characterize its elements with respect to the possibility to automate civil proceedings: a right to have case heard within a reasonable time in section 4 and a right to a reasoned judgment in section 5.

scholarly journals Trends and prospects for the development and implementation of artificial intelligence in the military sphere in South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Ksenia Michailovna Belikova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
South Africa ◽  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Legal Perspective ◽  
Operations Control ◽  
The Right ◽  
The University ◽  
The Military

The subject of this research is the trends and prospects for the development and implementation of artificial intelligence in the military sphere of one of the BRICS member-states – South Africa in the context of national acts (for example, the Law of 2008 “On the Right of Intellectual Property for State-Funded Research and Development”), the potential and needs of this country, as well as achievements in design and manufacturing of unmanned aerial vehicles by the competitor companies (Seeker 400, MA 380, etc.). The relevance of this topic is substantiated by timely consideration of the legal perspective of the approaches of South Africa towards the implementation of artificial intelligence. The scientific novelty of this article is defined by the focus of research and the acquired results. It is determined that South Africa takes the path of institutional, legal and practical consolidation of the development of artificial intelligence in form of creation of designated infrastructure (on the premises of the universities, for example, Intelligent Systems Group at the University of Pretoria), as startups, scientific network structures (Center for Artificial Intelligence Research), etc. It is demonstrated that South Africa is the manufacturer and seller of the line of unmanned aerial vehicles that are controlled by the artificial intelligence and capable of performing various civil or military tasks –  from moving cargo (including laser-guided bombs) to monitoring the territory (search and rescue or reconnaissance operations, damage assessment from natural disasters or combat operations, control conduct of fire at enemy positions, etc.).

The brain structure and neurosecretory cells of noctuid moth Anadevidia peponis: Noctuidae

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-437
Author(s):  
M. Sato ◽  
Y. Ogawa ◽  
M. Sasaki ◽  
T. Matsuo
Keyword(s):  
Biological Clock ◽  
Virgin Female ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Noctuid Moth ◽  
The Right ◽  
20 Nm ◽  
The Brain

A virgin female of the noctuid moth, a kind of noctuidae that eats cucumis, etc. performs calling at a fixed time of each day, depending on the length of a day. The photoreceptors that induce this calling are located around the neurosecretory cells (NSC) in the central portion of the protocerebrum. Besides, it is considered that the female’s biological clock is located also in the cerebral lobe. In order to elucidate the calling and the function of the biological clock, it is necessary to clarify the basic structure of the brain. The observation results of 12 or 30 day-old noctuid moths showed that their brains are basically composed of an outer and an inner portion-neural lamella (about 2.5 μm) of collagen fibril and perineurium cells. Furthermore, nerve cells surround the cerebral lobes, in which NSCs, mushroom bodies, and central nerve cells, etc. are observed. The NSCs are large-sized (20 to 30 μm dia.) cells, which are located in the pons intercerebralis of the head section and at the rear of the mushroom body (two each on the right and left). Furthermore, the cells were classified into two types: one having many free ribosoms 15 to 20 nm in dia. and the other having granules 150 to 350 nm in dia. (Fig. 1).

Artificial intelligence as a moving force of improvement and innovative development in education and pedagogic

2019 ◽  
pp. 21-30
Author(s):  
M. G. Koliada ◽  
T. I. Bugayova
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Intelligent Systems ◽  
Intelligent System ◽  
Interaction Analysis ◽  
Educational Data Mining ◽  
Main Task ◽  
Intellectual System ◽  
Will Force ◽  
To Come ◽  
Artificial Intelligence Systems

The article discusses the history of the development of the problem of using artificial intelligence systems in education and pedagogic. Two directions of its development are shown: “Computational Pedagogic” and “Educational Data Mining”, in which poorly studied aspects of the internal mechanisms of functioning of artificial intelligence systems in this field of activity are revealed. The main task is a problem of interface of a kernel of the system with blocks of pedagogical and thematic databases, as well as with the blocks of pedagogical diagnostics of a student and a teacher. The role of the pedagogical diagnosis as evident reflection of the complex influence of factors and reasons is shown. It provides the intelligent system with operative and reliable information on how various reasons intertwine in the interaction, which of them are dangerous at present, where recession of characteristics of efficiency is planned. All components of the teaching and educational system are subject to diagnosis; without it, it is impossible to own any pedagogical situation optimum. The means in obtaining information about students, as well as the “mechanisms” of work of intelligent systems based on innovative ideas of advanced pedagogical experience in diagnostics of the professionalism of a teacher, are considered. Ways of realization of skill of the teacher on the basis of the ideas developed by the American scientists are shown. Among them, the approaches of researchers D. Rajonz and U. Bronfenbrenner who put at the forefront the teacher’s attitude towards students, their views, intellectual and emotional characteristics are allocated. An assessment of the teacher’s work according to N. Flanders’s system, in the form of the so-called “The Interaction Analysis”, through the mechanism of fixing such elements as: the verbal behavior of the teacher, events at the lesson and their sequence is also proposed. A system for assessing the professionalism of a teacher according to B. O. Smith and M. O. Meux is examined — through the study of the logic of teaching, using logical operations at the lesson. Samples of forms of external communication of the intellectual system with the learning environment are given. It is indicated that the conclusion of the found productive solutions can have the most acceptable and comfortable form both for students and for the teacher in the form of three approaches. The first shows that artificial intelligence in this area can be represented in the form of robotized being in the shape of a person; the second indicates that it is enough to confine oneself only to specially organized input-output systems for targeted transmission of effective methodological recommendations and instructions to both students and teachers; the third demonstrates that life will force one to come up with completely new hybrid forms of interaction between both sides in the form of interactive educational environments, to some extent resembling the educational spaces of virtual reality.

CIVIL AND LEGAL LIABILITY OF JUDGES

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yaroslav Skoromnyy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Legal Liability ◽  
Judicial System ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Model Code ◽  
European Court ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right

The article presents the conceptual foundations of bringing judges to civil and legal liability. It was found that the civil and legal liability of judges is one of the types of legal liability of judges. It is determined that the legislation of Ukraine provides for a clearly delineated list of the main cases (grounds) for which the state is liable for damages for damage caused to a legal entity and an individual by illegal actions of a judge as a result of the administration of justice. It has been proved that bringing judges to civil and legal liability, in particular on the basis of the right of recourse, provides for the payment of just compensation in accordance with the decision of the European Court of Human Rights. It was established that the bringing of judges to civil and legal liability in Ukraine is regulated by such legislative documents as the Constitution of Ukraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Explanatory Note to the European Charter on the Status of Judges (Model Code), the Law of Ukraine «On the Judicial System and the Status of Judges», the Law of Ukraine «On the procedure for compensation for harm caused to a citizen by illegal actions of bodies carrying out operational-search activities, pre-trial investigation bodies, prosecutors and courts», Decision of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine in the case on the constitutional submission of the Supreme Court of Ukraine regarding the compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine (constitutionality) of certain provisions of Article 2, paragraph two of clause II «Final and transitional provisions» of the Law of Ukraine «On measures to legislatively ensure the reform of the pension system», Article 138 of the Law of Ukraine «On the judicial system and the status of judges» (the case on changes in the conditions for the payment of pensions and monthly living known salaries of judges lagging behind in these), the Law of Ukraine «On the implementation of decisions and the application of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights».

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