scholarly journals Rapid evolutionary dynamics of the Pepino mosaic virus – status and future perspectives

2016 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 337-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Minicka ◽  
Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska ◽  
Natasza Borodynko-Filas ◽  
Henryk Pospieszny ◽  
Inge Maria Hanssen
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Worldwide Population ◽  
Protection Strategies

AbstractPepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has emerged as an important pathogen of greenhouse tomato crops and is currently distributed worldwide. Population genetic studies have revealed a shift in the dominant PepMV genotype from European (EU) to Chilean 2 (CH2) in North America and several European countries. New genetic variants are constantly being created by mutation and recombination events. Single nucleotide substitutions in different parts of the genome were found to affect on development of symptoms resulting in new pathotypes and accumulation of viral RNA. The variability of the PepMV population has a great impact on designing specific diagnostic tools and developing efficient and durable strategies of disease control. In this paper we review the current knowledge about the PepMV population, the evolutionary dynamics of this highly infective virus, methods for its detection and plant protection strategies.

scholarly journals Long-Term Cocirculation of Two Strains of Pepino Mosaic Virus in Tomato Crops and Its Effect on Population Genetic Variability

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Alcaide ◽  
M. P. Rabadán ◽  
M. Juárez ◽  
P. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Viral Fitness ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Variability

Mixed viral infections are common in plants, and the evolutionary dynamics of viral populations may differ depending on whether the infection is caused by single or multiple viral strains. However, comparative studies of single and mixed infections using viral populations in comparable agricultural and geographical locations are lacking. Here, we monitored the occurrence of pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) in tomato crops in two major tomato-producing areas in Murcia (southeastern Spain), supporting evidence showing that PepMV disease-affected plants had single infections of the Chilean 2 (CH2) strain in one area and the other area exhibited long-term (13 years) coexistence of the CH2 and European (EU) strains. We hypothesized that circulating strains of PepMV might be modulating the differentiation between them and shaping the evolutionary dynamics of PepMV populations. Our phylogenetic analysis of 106 CH2 isolates randomly selected from both areas showed a remarkable divergence between the CH2 isolates, with increased nucleotide variability in the geographical area where both strains cocirculate. Furthermore, the potential virus–virus interaction was studied further by constructing six full-length infectious CH2 clones from both areas, and assessing their viral fitness in the presence and absence of an EU-type isolate. All CH2 clones showed decreased fitness in mixed infections and although complete genome sequencing indicated a nucleotide divergence of those CH2 clones by area, the magnitude of the fitness response was irrespective of the CH2 origin. Overall, these results suggest that although agroecological cropping practices may be particularly important for explaining the evolutionary dynamics of PepMV in tomato crops, the cocirculation of both strains may have implications on the genetic variability of PepMV populations.

scholarly journals Structure and Temporal Dynamics of Populations within Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus Isolates

2001 ◽  
Vol 75 (21) ◽  
pp. 10231-10243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Hall ◽  
Roy French ◽  
T. Jack Morris ◽  
Drake C. Stenger
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Consensus Sequence ◽  
Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism ◽  
Wheat Streak Mosaic Virus ◽  
Relative Fitness ◽  
Nucleotide Sequencing ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Constant Rate

ABSTRACT Variation within the Type and Sidney 81 strains of wheat streak mosaic virus was assessed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Limiting-dilution subisolates (LDSIs) of each strain were evaluated for polymorphism in the P1, P3, NIa, and CP cistrons. Different SSCP patterns among LDSIs of a strain were associated with single-nucleotide substitutions. Sidney 81 LDSI-S10 was used as founding inoculum to establish three lineages each in wheat, corn, and barley. The P1, HC-Pro, P3, CI, NIa, NIb, and CP cistrons of LDSI-S10 and each lineage at passages 1, 3, 6, and 9 were evaluated for polymorphism. By passage 9, each lineage differed in consensus sequence from LDSI-S10. The majority of substitutions occurred within NIa and CP, although at least one change occurred in each cistron except HC-Pro and P3. Most consensus sequence changes among lineages were independent, with substitutions accumulating over time. However, LDSI-S10 bore a variant nucleotide (G6016) in NIa that was restored to A6016 in eight of nine lineages by passage 6. This near-global reversion is most easily explained by selection. Examination of nonconsensus variation revealed a pool of unique substitutions (singletons) that remained constant in frequency during passage, regardless of the host species examined. These results suggest that mutations arising by viral polymerase error are generated at a constant rate but that most newly generated mutants are sequestered in virions and do not serve as replication templates. Thus, a substantial fraction of variation generated is static and has yet to be tested for relative fitness. In contrast, nonsingleton variation increased upon passage, suggesting that some mutants do serve as replication templates and may become established in a population. Replicated mutants may or may not rise to prominence to become the consensus sequence in a lineage, with the fate of any particular mutant subject to selection and stochastic processes such as genetic drift and population growth factors.

scholarly journals First Report of Pepino mosaic virus on Tomato in Spain

Plant Disease ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (12) ◽  
pp. 1292-1292 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Jordá ◽  
A. Lázaro Pérez ◽  
P. Martínez-Culebras ◽  
P. Abad ◽  
A. Lacasa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Canary Islands ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Datura Stramonium ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Chenopodium Amaranticolor ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
First Report

At the beginning of 2000, a damaging disease developed on protected tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) crops grown in polyethylene greenhouses in different regions of Spain. Production losses were estimated at 15 to 80%. The tomato plants showed a variety of symptoms. The most common symptoms were leaf distortion, chlorosis, and mosaic. Some plants showed a dark green mosaic and bubbling of the leaf surface. Green striations were also observed on the stem and sepals. Most of the diseased plants had discolored fruits. Symptoms decreased as environmental temperature increased. The involvement of Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) was suspected. To identify the etiological agent, ≈500 symptomatic tomato plants were collected from several locations in Alicante, Murcia, Almeria and the Canary Islands. Flexuous viral particles 510 nm long were observed by transmission electron microscopy, suggesting the presence of a potexvirus in the tissue extracts analyzed. All samples were tested by ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), using polyclonal antibodies to Narcissus mosaic virus (Adgen, Auchincriuve, Scotland), a virus serologically related to PepMV, and two antisera specific to PepMV (Adgen, Scotland and DMSZ, Braunschweig, Germany). PepMV was detected in 35% of the samples. Like PepMV, the virus infected (as confirmed by ELISA) greenhouse-grown Datura stramonium, Nicandra physalodes, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. clevelandii, Solanum tuberosum, and Vigna sinensis and did not infect Capsicum anuum, Cucumis sativus, Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Petunia × hybrida, Phaseolus vulgaris, Physalis floridana, N. glutinosa, N. rustica, or N. tabacum. The virus did infect Gomphrena globosa, which normally is not infected by PepMV. The first report of PepMV was on pepino (Solanum muricatum) in Peru in 1974 (1), but this virus has been recently reported in the Netherlands, England, Germany, and France on protected tomato crops (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of PepMV in Spain, including the Canary Islands. References: (1) R. A. C. Jones et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 94:61, 1980. (2) European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation (EPPO). Alert List Viruses. On-line publication/2000/003.

scholarly journals The total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (25) ◽  
pp. e2024815118
Author(s):  
Ron Sender ◽  
Yinon M. Bar-On ◽  
Shmuel Gleizer ◽  
Biana Bernshtein ◽  
Avi Flamholz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Infected Person ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Viral Mutation ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Host Tissues

Quantitatively describing the time course of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection within an infected individual is important for understanding the current global pandemic and possible ways to combat it. Here we integrate the best current knowledge about the typical viral load of SARS-CoV-2 in bodily fluids and host tissues to estimate the total number and mass of SARS-CoV-2 virions in an infected person. We estimate that each infected person carries 109 to 1011 virions during peak infection, with a total mass in the range of 1 μg to 100 μg, which curiously implies that all SARS-CoV-2 virions currently circulating within human hosts have a collective mass of only 0.1 kg to 10 kg. We combine our estimates with the available literature on host immune response and viral mutation rates to demonstrate how antibodies markedly outnumber the spike proteins, and the genetic diversity of virions in an infected host covers all possible single nucleotide substitutions.

scholarly journals Determinants of Persistent Patterns of Pepino Mosaic Virus Mixed Infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Alcaide ◽  
Miguel A. Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
Challenge Inoculation ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Time Lagged ◽  
Viral Accumulation

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) has become a pandemic virus in tomato crops, causing important economic losses worldwide. In Spain, isolates of the EU and CH2 strains co-circulate, with PepMV-EU predominantly found in mixed infections. Simultaneous in planta mixed infections result in an asymmetric antagonism against PepMV-CH2, but the outcome of over-infections has never been tested. PepMV-EU and PepMV-CH2 time-lagged inoculations were performed, and viral accumulation was measured 10 days after challenge inoculation. PepMV-EU had a protective effect over PepMV-CH2; in contrast, the accumulation of PepMV-EU increased in plants pre-inoculated with PepMV-CH2 as compared to single infections. We also studied the effect of the type of infection on viral transmission. Independently of the nature of the infection (single or mixed), we observed a strong positive correlation between virus accumulation in the source plant and transmission, excluding mixed infection effects different than modulating viral accumulation. Finally, in order to determine the genetic variability of PepMV strains in single and mixed infections, a 430 nucleotide region was RT-PCR amplified from samples from a serial passages experiment and deep-sequenced. No significant differences were found in the number of nucleotide substitutions between single and mixed infections for PepMV-EU; in contrast, significant differences were found for PepMV-CH2, which was more variable in single than in mixed infections. Comparing PepMV-EU with PepMV-CH2, a higher nucleotide diversity was found for PepMV-CH2. Collectively, our data strongly suggest that PepMV mixed infections can impact the virus epidemiology by modulating in planta virus strain accumulation and diversification.

Quasispecies nature of Pepino mosaic virus and its evolutionary dynamics

Virus Genes ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Hasiów-Jaroszewska ◽  
Paulina Jackowiak ◽  
Natasza Borodynko ◽  
Marek Figlerowicz ◽  
Henryk Pospieszny
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus

scholarly journals Rapid evolutionary dynamics of zucchini yellow mosaic virus

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 1081-1085 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather E. Simmons ◽  
Edward C. Holmes ◽  
Andrew G. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Coat Protein ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Rna Viruses ◽  
Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Yellow Mosaic Virus ◽  
Nucleotide Substitutions ◽  
The Family ◽  
Coalescent Approach

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) is an economically important virus of cucurbit crops. However, little is known about the rate at which this virus has evolved within members of the family Cucurbitaceae, or the timescale of its epidemiological history. Herein, we present the first analysis of the evolutionary dynamics of ZYMV. Using a Bayesian coalescent approach we show that the coat protein of ZYMV has evolved at a mean rate of 5.0×10−4 nucleotide substitutions per site, per year. Notably, this rate is equivalent to those observed in animal RNA viruses. Using the same approach we show that the lineages of ZYMV sampled here have an ancestry that dates back no more than 800 years, suggesting that human activities have played a central role in the dispersal of ZYMV. Finally, an analysis of phylogeographical structure provides strong evidence for the in situ evolution of ZYMV within individual countries.

scholarly journals Mixed Infections of Pepino Mosaic Virus Strains Modulate the Evolutionary Dynamics of this Emergent Virus

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (23) ◽  
pp. 12378-12387 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Gómez ◽  
R. N. Sempere ◽  
S. F. Elena ◽  
M. A. Aranda
Keyword(s):  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Mixed Infections ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Pepino Mosaic Virus ◽  
Epidemiological Pattern ◽  
Virus Emergence ◽  
Virus Strains

ABSTRACT Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) is an emerging pathogen that causes severe economic losses in tomato crops (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in the Northern hemisphere, despite persistent attempts of control. In fact, it is considered one of the most significant viral diseases for tomato production worldwide, and it may constitute a good model for the analysis of virus emergence in crops. We have combined a population genetics approach with an analysis of in planta properties of virus strains to explain an observed epidemiological pattern. Hybridization analysis showed that PepMV populations are composed of isolates of two types (PepMV-CH2 and PepMV-EU) that cocirculate. The CH2 type isolates are predominant; however, EU isolates have not been displaced but persist mainly in mixed infections. Two molecularly cloned isolates belonging to each type have been used to examine the dynamics of in planta single infections and coinfection, revealing that the CH2 type has a higher fitness than the EU type. Coinfections expand the range of susceptible hosts, and coinfected plants remain symptomless several weeks after infection, so a potentially important problem for disease prevention and management. These results provide an explanation of the observed epidemiological pattern in terms of genetic and ecological interactions among the different viral strains. Thus, mixed infections appear to be contributing to shaping the genetic structure and dynamics of PepMV populations.

scholarly journals Topical Application of Double-Stranded RNA Targeting 2b and CP Genes of Cucumber mosaic virus Protects Plants against Local and Systemic Viral Infection

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Maria C. Holeva ◽  
Athanasios Sklavounos ◽  
Rajendran Rajeswaran ◽  
Mikhail M. Pooggin ◽  
Andreas E. Voloudakis
Keyword(s):  
Cucumber Mosaic Virus ◽  
Mosaic Virus ◽  
Topical Application ◽  
Plant Virus ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Tobacco Plants ◽  
Double Stranded Rna

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a destructive plant virus with worldwide distribution and the broadest host range of any known plant virus, as well as a model plant virus for understanding plant–virus interactions. Since the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) as a major antiviral defense, RNAi-based technologies have been developed for plant protection against viral diseases. In plants and animals, a key trigger of RNAi is double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) processed by Dicer and Dicer-like (DCL) family proteins in small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). In the present study, dsRNAs for coat protein (CP) and 2b genes of CMV were produced in vitro and in vivo and applied onto tobacco plants representing a systemic solanaceous host as well as on a local host plant Chenopodium quinoa. Both dsRNA treatments protected plants from local and systemic infection with CMV, but not against infection with unrelated viruses, confirming sequence specificity of antiviral RNAi. Antiviral RNAi was effective when dsRNAs were applied simultaneously with or four days prior to CMV inoculation, but not four days post inoculation. In vivo-produced dsRNAs were more effective than the in vitro-produced; in treatments with in vivo dsRNAs, dsRNA-CP was more effective than dsRNA-2b, while the effects were opposite with in vitro dsRNAs. Illumina sequencing of small RNAs from in vivo dsRNA-CP treated and non-treated tobacco plants revealed that interference with CMV infection in systemic leaves coincides with strongly reduced accumulation of virus-derived 21- and 22-nucleotide (nt) siRNAs, likely generated by tobacco DCL4 and DCL2, respectively. While the 21-nt class of viral siRNAs was predominant in non-treated plants, 21-nt and 22-nt classes accumulated at almost equal (but low) levels in dsRNA treated plants, suggesting that dsRNA treatment may boost DCL2 activity. Taken together, our findings confirm the efficacy of topical application of dsRNA for plant protection against viruses and shed more light on the mechanism of antiviral RNAi.

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