scholarly journals Pathological alterations in respiratory system during co-infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (H9N2) and Escherichia coli in broiler chickens

2017 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 253-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahid Jaleel ◽  
Muhammad Younus ◽  
Asif Idrees ◽  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Aman Ullah Khan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Complicating Factors ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Gross Lesions ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Abstract Introduction: Despite the advancements in the field, there is a lack of data when it comes to co-infections in poultry. Therefore, this study was designed to address this issue. Material and Methods: Broiler birds were experimentally infected with E. coli (O78) and low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) strain, alone or in combination. The experimental groups were negative control. Results: The infected birds showed most severe clinical signs in E. coli+LPAI group along with a significant decrease in weight and enhanced macroscopic and microscopic pathological lesions. The survival rate was 60%, 84%, and 100% in birds inoculated with E. coli+LPAI, E. coli, and LPAI virus alone, respectively. The results showed that experimental co-infection with E. coli and H9N2 strain of LPAI virus increased the severity of clinical signs, mortality rate, and gross lesions. The HI titre against LPAI virus infection in the co-infected group was significantly higher than the HI titre of LPAI group, which may indicate that E. coli may promote propagation of H9N2 LPAI virus by alteration of immune response. Conclusion: The present study revealed that co-infection with E. coli and H9N2 LPAI virus caused more serious synergistic pathogenic effects and indicates the role of both pathogens as complicating factors in poultry infections.

scholarly journals The Effect of Omega 3 and Vitamin E against Avian Influenza in Broiler Chickens

2018 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 363 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. TASEER ◽  
A. ASLAM ◽  
Z. I. CHAUDHARY ◽  
K. ASHRAF ◽  
R. AKHTAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin E ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Field Application ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

The present study assessed the individual and combined effect of vitamin E and omega 3 against low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) virus in broiler birds. Day-old broiler birds (n=125) were equally divided into five groups (A, B, C, D & E). Group A was non infected negative control. While groups B, C, D and E were infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (H9N2) virus at 28th day (2 HAunits/bird). Group B was given omega 3 at rate of 150mg/kg in feed. Group C was given vitamin E 200 IU/kg. Group D was offered vitamin E and omega 3. Group E was designated as positive control without supplementation. The results revealed significantly increased antibody titer, decreased heterophil lymphocyte ratio, improved feed conversion ratio and least histopathological lesions in birds given vitamin E alone followed by the group given combination of vitamin E and omega 3. These results concluded the positive impact of Vitamin E as compare to omega 3 alone and combined omega 3 with vitamin E against LPAI infection in broiler chickens. These findings can have useful field application in control of avian influenza.

scholarly journals Immunopathological immunohistochemical study of low pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 infection in lovebirds (Agapornis spp.) in Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1472-1477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zulfikhar Zulfikhar ◽  
Raden Wasito ◽  
Hastari Wuryastuti
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Polyclonal Antibodies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Continuous Source

Background and Aim: To date, persistent infection with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 (LPAI H5N1) in chickens is widespread in Indonesia. Commercially available ornamental birds on markets play an important role in triggering the occurrence of AIV outbreaks. Thus, the presence of AIV in ornamental birds such as lovebirds needs to be closely monitored. Here, the presence of LPAI H5N1 was investigated in lovebirds with no clinical signs that, although apparently healthy, can be a continuous source of AIV transmission to other sensitive birds such as chickens and even humans. Materials and Methods: In the present study, 30 lovebirds were necropsied. The immunopathology of the lungs, which had hemorrhages, was immunohistochemically studied using the streptavidin-biotin (SB) method to stain for LPAI H5N1. Polyclonal antibodies against the nucleoprotein or monoclonal antibodies against the hemagglutinin of the AIV subtype H5N1 were used to identify these antigens in lung tissue samples. Results: LPAI H5N1 was detected in the lungs of all lovebirds according to the brownish colored deposits in the histological samples. The highest intensity of the SB staining was found in the lumina of vascular capillaries and the cell membranes of air capillaries. The discovery of LPAI H5N1 in lovebirds increases the environmental health risk and raises the possibility of exposure to AIV. Thus, it is very important to improve the mechanisms that control the traffic of ornamental birds between regions and islands, as well as the AIV vaccination strategies related to the prevention, control, and eradication of AIV in Indonesia, and these procedures should be reevaluated. Conclusion: The present study proves that lovebirds are infected with LPAI subtype H5N1. Even if ornamental birds such as lovebirds do not show any clinical signs, they are likely to be a persistently infected with LPAI H5N1. Therefore, ornamental birds might be a continuous source of LPAI H5N1 infections in other sensitive birds, including poultry, and may also be responsible for virus transmission to humans.

scholarly journals Pathogenicity and Transmissibility of North American H7 Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Turkeys

Viruses ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ishita Roy Chowdhury ◽  
Sai Yeddula ◽  
Shin-Hee Kim
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Recent Emergence ◽  
Specific Pathogen ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

Low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses can silently circulate in poultry and wild aquatic birds and potentially mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses. In the U.S., recent emergence and spread of H7N8 and H7N9 HPAI viruses not only caused devastating losses to domestic poultry but also underscored the capability of LPAI viruses to mutate into HPAI viruses. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated pathogenicity and transmissibility of H7N8 and H7N9 LPAI viruses (the progenitors of HPAI viruses) in chickens and turkeys. We also included H7N2 isolated from an outbreak of LPAI in commercial chickens. H7 viruses replicated more efficiently in the respiratory tract than in the gastrointestinal tract, suggesting that their replication is restricted to the upper respiratory tract. Specifically, H7N2 replicated most efficiently in two-week-old chickens and turkeys. In contrast, H7N8 replicated least efficiently in those birds. Further, replication of H7N2 and H7N9 was restricted in the upper respiratory tract of four-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) and broiler chickens. Despite their restricted replication, the two viruses efficiently transmitted from infected to naïve birds by direct contact, leading to seroconversion of contacted chickens. Our findings suggest the importance of continuous monitoring and surveillance of LPAI viruses in the fields.

Sales and immunogenicity of commercial vaccines to H9N2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in Korea from 2007 to 2017

Vaccine ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (16) ◽  
pp. 3191-3195
Author(s):  
Hyun-Kyu Cho ◽  
Yong-Myung Kang ◽  
Hyun-Mi Kim ◽  
Chi-Ho Lee ◽  
Do-Young Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

An experimental model to analyse the risk of introduction of a duck-originated H5 low-pathogenic avian influenza virus in poultry through close contact and contaminative transmission

2013 ◽  
Vol 142 (9) ◽  
pp. 1836-1847 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. CLAES ◽  
S. MARCHÉ ◽  
J. DEWULF ◽  
T. VAN DEN BERG ◽  
B. LAMBRECHT
Keyword(s):  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽  
Contaminated Drinking Water ◽  
Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus ◽  
Efficient Route ◽  
Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

SUMMARYAquatic wild birds are often carriers of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). If H5 and H7 LPAIVs are transmitted to poultry and have the opportunity to circulate, a highly pathogenic AIV may arise. Contact with aquatic wild birds is one of the most important ways in which these LPAIVs can be introduced into poultry flocks. In this study, the transmissibility of a duck-originated H5 LPAIV between ducks and chickens was analysed in a series of animal experiments, using different transmission routes. Results indicate that the outcome of virus intake by chickens exposed to infectious ducks depends on the way the virus is presented. Faecally contaminated drinking water proved to be the most efficient route by which the virus can be transmitted to chickens. The results from this study also suggest that some duck-originated H5 LPAIVs may be introduced to poultry but do not have the potential to become established in poultry populations.

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