scholarly journals Resilience of terrestrial mammals to logging in an active concession in Sarawak, Borneo

Mammalia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Joscha Maiwald ◽  
Jayasilan Mohd-Azlan ◽  
Jedediah F. Brodie
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Diel Activity ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Reduced Impact Logging ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

AbstractSelective logging is very widespread across the tropics and can alter the habitat for myriad wildlife species. But while many studies have assessed the impacts of past logging on forest animals, far fewer have investigated how species respond to logging while the timber operations are actually going on. This is an important knowledge gap because, considering the prevalence of logging across the world, numerous areas will be undergoing active extraction at any given time. We compared the occurrence and diel activity patterns of individual species of medium- to large-bodied terrestrial mammals, as well as the richness of the entire assemblage, among sites that were either unlogged, had been logged historically, or had ongoing ‘reduced impact’ timber extraction in the Kapit Region of Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo. We found no significant differences in estimated occupancy or activity patterns of particular species, or in overall species richness, among logging treatments. Across sites, species richness in this area appeared to be as high as or higher than in many other parts of the state, including some protected areas. Though monitoring is needed to assess potential long-term impacts, our results suggest that reduced-impact logging could allow economic development that is sustainable for many wildlife populations.

scholarly journals A Place to Call Home: Amphibian Use of Created and Restored Wetlands

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald J. Brown ◽  
Garrett M. Street ◽  
Robert W. Nairn ◽  
Michael R. J. Forstner
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Habitat Preferences ◽  
Amphibian Conservation ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Contributing Factors ◽  
Amphibian Species ◽  
Restored Wetlands ◽  
Wetland Connectivity ◽  
Species Richness And Abundance

Loss and degradation of wetland habitats are major contributing factors to the global decline of amphibians. Creation and restoration of wetlands could be a valuable tool for increasing local amphibian species richness and abundance. We synthesized the peer-reviewed literature addressing amphibian use of created and restored wetlands, focusing on aquatic habitat, upland habitat, and wetland connectivity and configuration. Amphibian species richness or abundance at created and restored wetlands was either similar to or greater than reference wetlands in 89% of studies. Use of created and restored wetlands by individual species was driven by aquatic and terrestrial habitat preferences, as well as ability to disperse from source wetlands. We conclude that creating and restoring wetlands can be valuable tools for amphibian conservation. However, the ecological needs and preferences of target species must be considered to maximize the potential for successful colonization and long-term persistence.

scholarly journals Long term halocarbon observations from a~coastal and an inland site in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 1919-1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Robinson ◽  
N. R. P. Harris ◽  
M. J. Ashfold ◽  
B. Gostlow ◽  
N. J. Warwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Atmospheric Variations ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Limited Duration ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

Abstract. Short lived halocarbons are believed to have important sources in the tropics where rapid vertical transport could provide a significant source to the stratosphere. In this study, quasi-continuous measurements of short-lived halocarbons are reported for two tropical sites in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo), one coastal and one inland (rainforest). We present the observations for C2Cl4, CHBr3, CH2Br2* (actually ~80% CH2Br2 and ~20% CHBrCl2) and CH3I from November 2008 to January 2010 made using our μDirac gas chromatographs with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). We focus on the first 15 months of observations, showing over one annual cycle for each compound and therefore adding significantly to the few limited-duration observational studies that have been conducted thus far in southeast Asia. The main feature in the C2Cl4 behaviour at both sites is its annual cycle with the winter months being influenced by northerly flow with higher concentrations, typical of the Northern Hemisphere, with the summer months influenced by southerly flow and lower concentrations representative of the Southern Hemisphere. No such clear annual cycle is seen for CHBr3, CH2Br2Br2* or CH3I. The baseline values for CHBr3 and CH2Br2Br2* are similar at the coastal (overall median: CHBr3 1.7 ppt; CH2Br2Br2* 1.4 ppt) and inland sites (CHBr3 1.6 ppt, CH2Br2Br2* 1.1 ppt), but periods with elevated values are seen at the coast (overall 95th percentile: CHBr3 4.4 ppt; CH2Br2Br2* 1.9 ppt) presumably resulting from the stronger influence of coastal emissions. Overall median bromine values from [CHBr3] + [CH2Br2Br2*] are 8.0 ppt at the coast and 6.8 ppt inland. The median values reported here are largely consistent with other limited tropical data and imply that southeast Asia generally is not, as has been suggested, a hot-spot for emissions of these compounds. These baseline values are consistent with the most recent emissions found for southeast Asia using the p-TOMCAT model. CH3I, which is only observed at the coastal site, is the shortest-lived compound measured in this study and the observed atmospheric variations reflect this, with high variability throughout the study period.

scholarly journals Longleaf Pine Restoration: Implications for Landscape-Level Effects on Bird Communities in the Lower Gulf Coastal Plain

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 107-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Tucker ◽  
Geoffrey E. Hill ◽  
Nicholas R. Holler
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Longleaf Pine ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Pinus Palustris ◽  
Bird Communities ◽  
Selective Logging ◽  
Neotropical Migrants ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Riparian Habitats

Abstract The longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) ecosystem of the southeastern United States is among the most heavily degraded of all ecosystems. Less than 1% of the original longleaf pine forests remain as old-growth stands. Eglin Air Force Base (Eglin) in northwest Florida contains the largest remaining extent of longleaf pine, but much of this habitat has been degraded through fire suppression, selective logging, and planting off-site species of pines. We examined the distribution of bird species among habitats during spring and fall 1994–1995 to assess the influence of large-scale habitat restoration on bird communities across the landscape. During both spring and fall, species richness and relative abundance of neotropical migrants were greatest in oak hammocks and riparian habitats. During spring, the abundance of resident species was greatest in barrier island scrub and flatwoods, but species richness of residents also was high in oak hammocks. During fall, both species richness and abundance of residents were greatest in oak hammocks and flatwoods. Analyses of abundance for individual species (both neotropical migrants and residents) suggested that each habitat examined was important for ≥1 species. An analysis examining the importance of habitats for conservation found that oak hammocks and riparian habitats were important for species of high management concern, but burned sandhills along with oak hammocks and riparian habitats were very important for species of the greatest management concern. Our results suggest that habitat modifications resulting from restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem will benefit many species of management concern. Bird species negatively affected by habitat modifications for longleaf pine restoration were abundant in other habitats. South. J. Appl. For. 27(2):107–121.

scholarly journals Diversity and activity patterns of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals at the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve, México

Therya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-248
Author(s):  
Jesús Alejandro Ríos-Solís ◽  
José Juan Flores-Martínez ◽  
Víctor Sánchez-Cordero ◽  
Mario C. Lavariega
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Activity Patterns ◽  
Biosphere Reserve ◽  
Los Tuxtlas ◽  
Trapping Rate ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Terrestrial Mammal ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Landscape Degradation

Studies on diversity of animal communities allow determination of their species richness and composition.  This information is particularly relevant to establish sound conservation programs in biosphere reserves, where human activities should be focused on the sustainable use of natural resources and ensure biodiversity protection.  This study estimated the diversity and species richness and determined the species composition and activity patterns of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals in the Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (LTBR) located in Veracruz, Mexico.  We set 18 camera traps to record medium and large-sized terrestrial mammals from August 2016 to January 2017.  We calculated the trapping rate, guilds, and activity patterns of species.  Diversity was estimated with Hill numbers.  We compared our estimates with other studies in tropical forest in Mexico.  We obtained 308 independent captures of 13 species; Cuniculus paca and Dasyprocta mexicana were the species with the highest trapping rate.  Order-0, order-1, and order-2 diversity values were 13.99, 6.50, and 4.75 effective species, respectively, which ranks LTBR the fourth-most diverse reserve of medium- and large-sized terrestrial mammals compared to six other tropical rainforest sites in southern Mexico.  We recorded mammals representing five trophic guilds, of which frugivore-folivores (five species) and omnivores (three species) ranked highest.  All recorded species were primarily nocturnal (six species) or diurnal (six species).  Tamandua mexicana, Leopardus pardalis, L. wiedii, and Eira barbara are listed as endangered in the Mexican Official Standard Norm NOM-059-2019, and L. wiedii is listed as near threatened in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  We were able to record 40.6 % of the terrestrial mammal species known to inhabit the LTBR.  The absence of large-sized species such as large predators and herbivores was notable.  Comparison of medium and large-sized mammal diversity of camera trapping studies in Mexico show that landscape degradation is impoverishing terrestrial mammal communities.

scholarly journals Mapping differences in mammalian distributions and diversity using environmental DNA from rivers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holly A. Broadhurst ◽  
Luke M. Gregory ◽  
Emma K. Bleakley ◽  
Joseph C. Perkins ◽  
Jenna V. Lavin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Environmental Dna ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Individual Species ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Β Diversity

AbstractAimFinding more efficient ways to monitor, and estimate the diversity of, mammalian communities is a major step towards their management and conservation. Environmental DNA (eDNA) from river water has recently been shown to be a viable method for biomonitoring mammalian communities. Yet, most of the studies to date have focused on the potential for eDNA to detect individual species, with little focus on describing patterns of community diversity and structure. In this study, we focus on the sampling effort required to reliably map the diversity and distribution of semi-aquatic and terrestrial mammals and allow inferences of community structure surrounding rivers.LocationSoutheastern EnglandMethodsWe used eDNA metabarcoding on water samples collected along two rivers and a beaver enclosure over two days, targeting terrestrial and semi-aquatic mammals. Mammalian community diversity and composition was assessed based on species richness and β-diversity. Differences between river communities were calculated and partitioned into nestedness and turnover, and the sampling effort required to rapidly detect semi-aquatic and terrestrial species was evaluated based on species accumulation curves and occupancy modelling.ResultseDNA metabarcoding efficiently detected 25 wild mammal species from five orders in two days of sampling, representing the vast majority (82%) of the species expected in the area. The required sampling effort varied between orders, with common species (generally rodents, deer and lagomorph species) more readily detected, with carnivores detected less frequently. Measures of species richness differed between rivers (both overall and within each mammalian order) and patterns of β-diversity revealed the importance of species replacement in sites within each river, against a pattern of species loss between the two rivers.Main conclusionseDNA metabarcoding demonstrated its capability to rapidly detect mammal species, allowing inferences of community composition that will better inform future sampling strategies for this Class. Importantly, this study highlights the potential use of eDNA data for investigating mammalian community dynamics over different spatial scales.

scholarly journals Long-term halocarbon observations from a coastal and an inland site in Sabah, Malaysian Borneo

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 8369-8388 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Robinson ◽  
N. R. P. Harris ◽  
M. J. Ashfold ◽  
B. Gostlow ◽  
N. J. Warwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Hot Spot ◽  
Electron Capture Detection ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
Atmospheric Variations ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Malaysian Borneo

Abstract. Short-lived halocarbons are believed to have important sources in the tropics, where rapid vertical transport could provide a significant source to the stratosphere. In this study, quasi-continuous measurements of short-lived halocarbons are reported for two tropical sites in Sabah (Malaysian Borneo), one coastal and one inland (rainforest). We present the observations for C2Cl4, CHBr3, CH2Br2* (actually ~80% CH2Br2 and ~20% CHBrCl2) and CH3I from November 2008 to January 2010 made using our μDirac gas chromatographs with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). We focus on the first 15 months of observations, showing over one annual cycle for each compound and therefore adding significantly to the few limited-duration observational studies that have been conducted thus far in southeast Asia. The main feature in the C2Cl4 behaviour at both sites is its annual cycle, with the winter months being influenced by northerly flow with higher concentrations, typical of the Northern Hemisphere, and with the summer months influenced by southerly flow and lower concentrations representative of the Southern Hemisphere. No such clear annual cycle is seen for CHBr3, CH2Br2* or CH3I. The baseline values for CHBr3 and CH2Br2* are similar at the coastal (overall median: CHBr3 1.7 ppt, CH2Br2* 1.4 ppt) and inland sites (CHBr3 1.6 ppt, CH2Br2* 1.1 ppt), but periods with elevated values are seen at the coast (overall 95th percentile: CHBr3 4.4 ppt, CH2Br2ast 1.9 ppt), presumably resulting from the stronger influence of coastal emissions. Overall median bromine values from [CHBr3 × 3] + [CH2Br2* × 2] are 8.0 ppt at the coast and 6.8 ppt inland. The median values reported here are largely consistent with other limited tropical data and imply that southeast Asia generally is not, as has been suggested, a hot spot for emissions of these compounds. These baseline values are consistent with the most recent emissions found for southeast Asia using the p-TOMCAT (Toulouse Off-line Model of Chemistry And Transport) model. CH3I, which is only observed at the coastal site, is the shortest-lived compound measured in this study, and the observed atmospheric variations reflect this, with high variability throughout the study period.

scholarly journals Confronting ethical challenges in long-term research programs in the tropics

2021 ◽  
Vol 255 ◽  
pp. 108933
Author(s):  
Reinmar Seidler ◽  
Richard B. Primack ◽  
Varun R. Goswami ◽  
Sarala Khaling ◽  
M. Soubadra Devy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Research Programs ◽  
The Tropics

scholarly journals Global climatology and trends in convective environments from ERA5 and rawinsonde data

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mateusz Taszarek ◽  
John T. Allen ◽  
Mattia Marchio ◽  
Harold E. Brooks
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Convective Available Potential Energy ◽  
Global Climate Models ◽  
Convective Precipitation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Rawinsonde Data

AbstractGlobally, thunderstorms are responsible for a significant fraction of rainfall, and in the mid-latitudes often produce extreme weather, including large hail, tornadoes and damaging winds. Despite this importance, how the global frequency of thunderstorms and their accompanying hazards has changed over the past 4 decades remains unclear. Large-scale diagnostics applied to global climate models have suggested that the frequency of thunderstorms and their intensity is likely to increase in the future. Here, we show that according to ERA5 convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective precipitation (CP) have decreased over the tropics and subtropics with simultaneous increases in 0–6 km wind shear (BS06). Conversely, rawinsonde observations paint a different picture across the mid-latitudes with increasing CAPE and significant decreases to BS06. Differing trends and disagreement between ERA5 and rawinsondes observed over some regions suggest that results should be interpreted with caution, especially for CAPE and CP across tropics where uncertainty is the highest and reliable long-term rawinsonde observations are missing.

scholarly journals Getting the Most From Surveys: How Method Selection and Method Modification Impact Butterfly Survey Data

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine C Kral-O’Brien ◽  
Adrienne K Antonsen ◽  
Torre J Hovick ◽  
Ryan F Limb ◽  
Jason P Harmon
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
New Species ◽  
Count Data ◽  
Distance Sampling ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Method Selection ◽  
M 10 ◽  
Sampling Procedures

Abstract Many methods are used to survey butterfly populations, with line transect and area surveys being prominent. Observers are typically limited to search within 5 or 10 m from the line, while observers are unrestricted in larger specified search regions in area surveys. Although methods differ slightly, the selection is often based on producing defendable data for conservation, maximizing data quality, and minimizing effort. To guide method selection, we compared butterfly surveys using 1) line versus area methods and 2) varying width transects (5 m, 10 m, or unrestricted) using count data from surveys in North Dakota from 2015 to 2018. Between line and area surveys, we detected more individuals with area surveys, even when accounting for effort. However, both methods accumulated new species at similar rates. When comparing transect methodology, we detected nearly 60% more individuals and nine more species when transect width increased from 5 m to unrestricted, despite similar effort across methodology. Overall, we found line surveys slightly less efficient at detecting individuals, but they collected similar species richness to area surveys when accounting for effort. Additionally, line surveys allow the use of unrestricted-width transects with distance sampling procedures, which were more effective at detecting species and individuals while providing a means to correct count data over the same transect length. Methods that reduce effort and accurately depict communities are especially important for conservation when long-term datasets are unavailable.

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