scholarly journals Investigation and control of a suspected nosocomial outbreak of pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit

Open Medicine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Ying ◽  
Li Qun ◽  
Liu Qinzhong ◽  
Chen Mingliang ◽  
Chen Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Nosocomial Outbreak ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii, a non-fermenting Gram-negative bacterium, is a common pathogen in intensive care units (ICU) that is easily spread through contact and can cause nosocomial outbreaks. This study investigated the risk factors associated with outbreaks of pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (PDR-Ab) infection by studying a suspected nosocomial outbreak in a comprehensive ICU in a teaching hospital in China, and discusses the effectiveness of current prevention and control measures.Pathogen detection methods involving pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were employed to survey patients infected or colonized with PDR-Ab. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to determine the risk factors for infection or colonization with PDR-Ab between 1 October 2014 and 16 January 2015.The rate of PDR-Ab infection in the ICU was higher during the period from 1 October 2014 to 16 January 2015 than it was between 1 October 2013 and 16 January 2014. Only two cases were confirmed to have the same genotype. Risk factors were explored and the rate of infection was found to be controlled by interventions targeting these risk factors.A decrease in the number of infections was observed after multiple prevention and control measures were implemented, preventing the outbreak of a nosocomial infection.

AMR: effective infection prevention and control measures

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 390-395
Author(s):  
Naomi Fleming
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Practice Nurses ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
And Control

Antimicrobial resistance is on the rise. As more infections are becoming resistant to antibiotic treatment, it would benefit practice nurses to be aware of the effective measures they can use to prevent the spread of infection, explains Naomi Fleming When micro-organisms are exposed to an antimicrobial, more susceptible organisms succumb, leaving behind those resistant to the antimicrobial. They can then pass on resistance to their offspring. The use and misuse of antimicrobials has increased the number and types of resistant organisms. As a result, standard treatments become ineffective and infections persist and may spread. Infection prevention and control (IPC) is key to reducing demand for antimicrobial use and reducing the acquisition of antimicrobial resistance. Poor IPC can increase the spread of drug-resistant infections. Interventions such as effective hand hygiene and vaccination have significant potential to limit opportunities for drug-resistant strains to emerge. Effective leadership is vital and nurses are central to promoting IPC, leading on IPC compliance and ensuring uptake of vaccination in primary care.

scholarly journals Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal protozoa in Madura cattle at Bangkalan Regency, East Java, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poedji Hastutiek ◽  
Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti ◽  
Mufasirin Djaeri ◽  
Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti ◽  
Endang Suprihati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Protozoan Infection ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
Protozoan Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Aim: This study aimed to describe the gastrointestinal protozoa in Madura cattle at Bangkalan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 samples of Madura cattle feces were collected from 10 districts at Bangkalan Regency. Those ten districts represent the lowland and upland areas, and each district was represented by one village. The collected feces were examined using native, sedimentation, and floating methods. The species identification was determined by their morphology. Results: There were 357 (71.4%) samples positively infected with protozoan. The highest rate of sample with protozoan infection was at Kamal District (88.23%), and Bangkalan District (52.83%) was the lowest one. There were six species of protozoa that infected gastrointestinal tract; those are Eimeria spp., Balantidium spp., Isospora spp., Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. The highest number of protozoa found in this research was Eimeria (53.42%) followed by Blastocystis (14.43%). In this study, we found that 295 samples (58.76%) infected by one kind of protozoa, 53 samples (10.56%) infected by two kinds of protozoa, and 11 samples (2.19%) infected by three kinds of protozoa. In addition, there were 65.54% of bulls infected with protozoa, considerably lower than cows (72.97%). Cattle aged 6 months-2 years old (73.39%) and >2 years old (71.25%) are known more prone to protozoan infections than cattle aged <6 months (66.15%). Conclusion: The present study revealed that protozoan infection of cattle is common in Bangkalan Regency. Studies focused on determining that the prevalence of protozoan, risk factors for the parasitism, and the geographic distribution are needed and will be effective guide for prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Investigation of an anthrax outbreak in Makoni District, Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Makurumidze ◽  
Notion Tafara Gombe ◽  
Tapuwa Magure ◽  
Mufuta Tshimanga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Anthrax continues to be a disease of public health importance in Zimbabwe, with sporadic outbreaks reported annually in many parts of the country. A human anthrax outbreak occurred in wards 22 and 23 of Makoni District from mid-June 2013 to end of January 2014, following cattle deaths in the wards. Laboratory tests confirmed anthrax as the cause for the cattle deaths. This study investigated the clinical characteristics, distribution of cases (places, person and time) and risk factors for contracting the anthrax disease. We also assessed the environment, district preparedness and response, and outbreak prevention and control measures. Methods We conducted an outbreak investigation using a mixed-methods design. A 1:1 case-control study was used to assess risk factors for contracting anthrax. The controls were frequency matched to cases by sex. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Environmental assessment, district preparedness and response, and outbreak prevention and control measures were assessed using a checklist, observations, and key informant interviews. Multivariable unconditional logic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors associated with contracting anthrax. Results We interviewed 37 of the 64 cases, along with 37 controls. All the cases had cutaneous anthrax, with the hand being the most common site of the eschar (43%). Most of the cases (89%) were managed according to the national guidelines. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that meat sourced from other villages [vs butchery, OR = 15.21, 95% CI (2.32–99.81)], skinning [OR = 4.32, 95% CI (1.25–14.94)], and belonging to religions that permit eating meat from cattle killed due to unknown causes or butchered after unobserved death [OR = 6.12, 95% CI (1.28–29.37)] were associated with contracting anthrax. The poor availability of resources in the district caused a delayed response to the outbreak. Conclusion The described anthrax outbreak was caused due to contact with infected cattle meat. Although the outbreak was eventually controlled through cattle vaccination and health education and awareness campaigns, the response of the district office was initially delayed and insufficient. The district should strengthen its emergency preparedness and response capacity, revive zoonotic committees, conduct awareness campaigns and improve surveillance, especially during outbreak seasons.

scholarly journals Prevention and control measures of the major cold-region diseases (hypertension) in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Zhenwei Pan ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Tengfei Pan ◽  
Haihai Liang ◽  
Baofeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Cold Region ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular condition in clinical practice and a major risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular events. There are more than 270 million hypertension patients in China, and the prevalence of hypertension in the high-latitude cold areas is significantly higher than in the low-latitude warm areas. The unique epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hypertension in the cold regions of China urge for establishment of the prevention and control system for targeted and more effective management of the condition.

scholarly journals Prediction of Different Interventions on the Burden of Drug-resistant Tuberculosis in China: a Dynamic Modeling Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ao Xu ◽  
Ze-xuan Wen ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Wei-bing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
World Health ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
Predictive Analysis ◽  
Progression Rate ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Cure Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background. Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top ten causes of death worldwide. The World Health Organization adopted the “End TB Strategy”, whose goal is to end the global TB epidemic by 2035. However, achieving this goal will be difficult using current prevention and control measures.Methods. A Susceptible-Exposed-Infectious-Recovered (SEIR) model that distinguishes drug-sensitive (DS) and drug-resistant (DR) TB in the entire Chinese population was established. Goodness-of-fit tests and sensitivity analyses were used to assess model performance. Predictive analysis was performed to assess the effect of different prevention and control strategies on DR-TB and achieving the goal of the End TB Strategy: 90% fewer cases of DR-TB by 2035.Results. We used parameter fitting to determine the basic reproduction number of the model as R0 =0.6993. Chi-square test results indicated good model fits for the reported incidences of DS-TB (χ2=0.144, P=1.000) and DR-TB (χ2=0.076, P=1.000). The predictive analysis led to four major projections for the number of cases by 2035. First, if the transmission rate of DR-TB patients reaches 0 during the infectious period, there will be 208,754 fewer cases (failure to achieve to goal). Second, if the progression rate of latently infected people reaches 10%, there will be 255,075 fewer cases (92.2% lower than in 2015). Third, if the overall treatment and cure rate of patients with DS-TB improves to 100%, there will be 150,482 fewer cases (failure to achieve the goal). Fourth, if the cure rate of DR-TB increases to 40%, there will be 253,198 fewer cases (91.5% lower than in 2015).Conclusions. We assessed several prevention and control measures for DR-TB. Interventions that target acquired DR and improvement of the cure rate of DS-TB have limited efficacy. However, interventions that target primary DR-TB, such as reducing the probability of transmission and the rate of disease progression in patients with DR-TB, have better efficacy. Improving treatment compliance and the cure rate of patients with DR-TB can also contribute to attaining the goal of the End TB Strategy.

A Decrease in the Number of Cases of Necrotizing Enterocolitis Associated with the Enhancement of Infection Prevention and Control Measures during aStaphylococcus aureusOutbreak in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

2012 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Lemyre ◽  
Wenlong Xiu ◽  
Nicole Rouvinez Bouali ◽  
Janet Brintnell ◽  
Jo-Anne Janigan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Infection Prevention ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Objective.Most cases of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) are sporadic, but outbreaks in hospital settings suggest an infectious cause. Our neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) experienced an outbreak of methicillin-sensitiveStaphylococcus aureus(MSSA). We aimed to assess whether the enhancement of infection prevention and control measures would be associated with a reduction in the number of cases of NEC.Design.Retrospective chart review.Setting.A 24-bed, university-affiliated, inborn level 3 NICU.Participants.Infants of less than 30 weeks gestation or birth weight ≤ 1,500 g admitted to the NICU between January 2007 and December 2008 were considered at risk of NEC. All cases of NEC were reviewed.Interventions.Infection prevention and control measures, including hand hygiene education, were enhanced during the outbreak. Avoidance of overcapacity in the NICU was reinforced, environmental services (ES) measures were enhanced, and ES hours were increased.Results.Two hundred eighty-two at-risk infants were admitted during the study. Their gestational age and birth weight (mean ± SD) were 28.2 ± 2.7 weeks and 1,031 ± 290 g, respectively. The proportion of NEC was 18/110 (16.4%) before the outbreak, 1/54 (1.8%) during the outbreak, and 4/118 (3.4%) after the outbreak. After adjustment for gestational age, birth weight, gender, and singleton versus multiple births, the proportion was lower in the postoutbreak period than in the preoutbreak period (P< .002).Conclusion.Although this observational study cannot establish a causal relationship, there was a significant decrease in the incidence of NEC following implementation of enhanced infection prevention and control measures to manage an MSSA outbreak.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2012;33(1):29-33

scholarly journals Investigation of an anthrax outbreak in Makoni District, Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Makurumidze ◽  
Gombe Notion Tafara ◽  
Magure Tapuwa ◽  
Mufuta Tshimanga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Anthrax continues to be a disease of public health importance in Zimbabwe, with sporadic outbreaks reported annually in many parts of the country. A human anthrax outbreak occurred in wards 22 and 23 of Makoni District from mid-June 2013 to end of January 2014, following cattle deaths in the wards. Laboratory tests confirmed anthrax as the cause for the cattle deaths. This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics, distribution of anthrax cases (places, person and time), risk factors for contracting the disease, environmental assessment, district preparedness and response, and outbreak prevention and control measures.Methods: We conducted an outbreak investigation using a mixed-methods design. A 1:1 case-control study was used to assess risk factors for contracting anthrax. The controls were frequency matched to cases by sex. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Environmental assessment, district preparedness and response, and outbreak prevention and control measures were assessed using a checklist, observations, and key informant interviews. Multivariable unconditional logic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors associated with contracting anthrax.Results: We interviewed 37 of the 64 cases, along with 37 controls. All the cases had cutaneous anthrax, with the hand being the most common site of the eschar (43%). Most of the cases (89%) were managed according to the national guidelines. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that meat sourced from other villages [vs butchery, OR = 15.21, 95% CI (2.32-99.81)], skinning [OR = 4.32, 95% CI (1.25-14.94)], and belonging to religions that permit eating meat from cattle killed due to unknown causes or butchered after unobserved death [OR = 6.12, 95% CI (1.28-29.37)] were associated with contracting anthrax. The poor availability of resources in the district caused a delayed response to the outbreak.Conclusion: The described anthrax outbreak was caused due to contact with infected cattle meat. Although the outbreak was eventually controlled through cattle vaccination and health education and awareness campaigns, the response of the district office was initially delayed and insufficient. The district should strengthen its emergency preparedness and response capacity, revive zoonotic committees, conduct awareness campaigns and improve surveillance, especially during outbreak seasons.

scholarly journals Risk factors analyses and preventive measures of immersed tunnel engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02025
Author(s):  
Jiao Zhang ◽  
Sainan Fu ◽  
Jianping Zhu ◽  
Jiancheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tunnel Engineering ◽  
Immersed Tunnel ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Based on the comprehensive analyses of many risk factors leading to accidents in immersed tunnel engineering, it is concluded that the risk factors leading to accidents in immersed tunnel engineering are very large and must be paid attention to in all aspects at all stages of the project. This paper classifies and identifies the risk factors in immersed tunnel engineering by investigating and visiting the relevant investigation, design and construction units of immersed tunnel, and then puts forward prevention and control measures to provide theoretical basis for the prevention of risk factors in Immersed Tunnel Engineering in the future and the risk management of the whole project.

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