scholarly journals Investigation of an anthrax outbreak in Makoni District, Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Makurumidze ◽  
Gombe Notion Tafara ◽  
Magure Tapuwa ◽  
Mufuta Tshimanga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: Anthrax continues to be a disease of public health importance in Zimbabwe, with sporadic outbreaks reported annually in many parts of the country. A human anthrax outbreak occurred in wards 22 and 23 of Makoni District from mid-June 2013 to end of January 2014, following cattle deaths in the wards. Laboratory tests confirmed anthrax as the cause for the cattle deaths. This study aims to investigate the clinical characteristics, distribution of anthrax cases (places, person and time), risk factors for contracting the disease, environmental assessment, district preparedness and response, and outbreak prevention and control measures.Methods: We conducted an outbreak investigation using a mixed-methods design. A 1:1 case-control study was used to assess risk factors for contracting anthrax. The controls were frequency matched to cases by sex. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Environmental assessment, district preparedness and response, and outbreak prevention and control measures were assessed using a checklist, observations, and key informant interviews. Multivariable unconditional logic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors associated with contracting anthrax.Results: We interviewed 37 of the 64 cases, along with 37 controls. All the cases had cutaneous anthrax, with the hand being the most common site of the eschar (43%). Most of the cases (89%) were managed according to the national guidelines. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that meat sourced from other villages [vs butchery, OR = 15.21, 95% CI (2.32-99.81)], skinning [OR = 4.32, 95% CI (1.25-14.94)], and belonging to religions that permit eating meat from cattle killed due to unknown causes or butchered after unobserved death [OR = 6.12, 95% CI (1.28-29.37)] were associated with contracting anthrax. The poor availability of resources in the district caused a delayed response to the outbreak.Conclusion: The described anthrax outbreak was caused due to contact with infected cattle meat. Although the outbreak was eventually controlled through cattle vaccination and health education and awareness campaigns, the response of the district office was initially delayed and insufficient. The district should strengthen its emergency preparedness and response capacity, revive zoonotic committees, conduct awareness campaigns and improve surveillance, especially during outbreak seasons.

scholarly journals Investigation of an anthrax outbreak in Makoni District, Zimbabwe

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Makurumidze ◽  
Notion Tafara Gombe ◽  
Tapuwa Magure ◽  
Mufuta Tshimanga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background Anthrax continues to be a disease of public health importance in Zimbabwe, with sporadic outbreaks reported annually in many parts of the country. A human anthrax outbreak occurred in wards 22 and 23 of Makoni District from mid-June 2013 to end of January 2014, following cattle deaths in the wards. Laboratory tests confirmed anthrax as the cause for the cattle deaths. This study investigated the clinical characteristics, distribution of cases (places, person and time) and risk factors for contracting the anthrax disease. We also assessed the environment, district preparedness and response, and outbreak prevention and control measures. Methods We conducted an outbreak investigation using a mixed-methods design. A 1:1 case-control study was used to assess risk factors for contracting anthrax. The controls were frequency matched to cases by sex. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Environmental assessment, district preparedness and response, and outbreak prevention and control measures were assessed using a checklist, observations, and key informant interviews. Multivariable unconditional logic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors associated with contracting anthrax. Results We interviewed 37 of the 64 cases, along with 37 controls. All the cases had cutaneous anthrax, with the hand being the most common site of the eschar (43%). Most of the cases (89%) were managed according to the national guidelines. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that meat sourced from other villages [vs butchery, OR = 15.21, 95% CI (2.32–99.81)], skinning [OR = 4.32, 95% CI (1.25–14.94)], and belonging to religions that permit eating meat from cattle killed due to unknown causes or butchered after unobserved death [OR = 6.12, 95% CI (1.28–29.37)] were associated with contracting anthrax. The poor availability of resources in the district caused a delayed response to the outbreak. Conclusion The described anthrax outbreak was caused due to contact with infected cattle meat. Although the outbreak was eventually controlled through cattle vaccination and health education and awareness campaigns, the response of the district office was initially delayed and insufficient. The district should strengthen its emergency preparedness and response capacity, revive zoonotic committees, conduct awareness campaigns and improve surveillance, especially during outbreak seasons.

scholarly journals An investigation of an anthrax outbreak in Makoni District, Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Makurumidze ◽  
Gombe Notion Tafara ◽  
Magure Tapuwa ◽  
Mufuta Tshimanga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: In Zimbabwe, anthrax continues to be a disease of public health importance with sporadic outbreaks reported in many parts of the country annually. A human anthrax outbreak occurred in Makoni District Ward 22 and 23 between June 2013 and February 2014. The human anthrax outbreak followed cattle deaths in the wards, which were laboratory confirmed to be due to anthrax. We report the clinical characteristics, distribution of anthrax cases (places, person and time), risk factors for contracting the disease, environmental assessment, district preparedness and response and outbreak prevention and control measures. Methods: We conducted an outbreak investigation with the design of a 1:1 case-control study. Cases and controls were frequency matched against sex. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Environmental assessment, district preparedness and response and outbreak prevention and control measures were assessed using a checklist, observations and key informant interviews. Multivariable unconditional logic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors associated with contracting anthrax. Results: Of the 64 cases, 37 cases and 37 controls were interviewed. All the cases had cutaneous anthrax with the commonest site of eschar being the hand (43%). Most of the cases (89%) were managed according to the national guidelines. On multivariable analysis, source of meat from other villagers [vs butchery, OR = 15.21, 95% CI (2.32-99.81)], skinning [OR = 4.32, 95% CI (1.25-14.94)] and belonging to a religion which permits eating meat from cattle slaughtered due to unknown illness or butchered after an unobserved death [OR = 6.12, 95% CI (1.28-29.37)] were associated with contracting anthrax. The district was poorly resourced and delayed to respond to the outbreak. Conclusion: The described anthrax outbreak resulted from contact and consumption of infected cattle meat. The district office response was delayed and was not prepared to control the outbreak. However, the outbreak was eventually controlled through cattle vaccination; health education and awareness campaigns. The district should strengthen its emergency preparedness and response capacity, revive zoonotic committees, conduct awareness campaign during the high-risk period and improve the surveillance of anthrax during high-risk periods.

scholarly journals An investigation of an anthrax outbreak in Makoni District, Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Makurumidze ◽  
Gombe Notion Tafara ◽  
Magure Tapuwa ◽  
Mufuta Tshimanga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background: In Zimbabwe, anthrax continues to be a disease of public health importance with sporadic outbreaks reported in many parts of the country annually. A human anthrax outbreak occurred in Makoni District Ward 22 and 23 between June 2013 and February 2014. The human anthrax outbreak followed cattle deaths in the wards, which were laboratory confirmed to be due to anthrax. We report the clinical characteristics, distribution of anthrax cases (places, person and time), risk factors for contracting the disease, environmental assessment, district preparedness and response and outbreak prevention and control measures.Methods: We conducted an outbreak investigation with the design of a 1:1 case-control study. Cases and controls were frequency matched against sex. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. Environmental assessment, district preparedness and response and outbreak prevention and control measures were assessed using a checklist, observations and key informant interviews. Multivariable logic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors associated with contracting anthrax. Results: Of the 64 cases, 37 cases and 37 controls were interviewed. All the cases had cutaneous anthrax with the commonest site of eschar being the hand (43%). Most of the cases (89%) were managed according to national guidelines. On multivariable analysis, source of meat from other villagers [vs butchery, OR = 15.21, 95% CI (2.32-99.81)], skinning [OR = 4.32, 95% CI (1.25-14.94)] and belonging to a religion which permits eating meat from cattle slaughtered due to unknown illness or butchered after an unobserved death [OR = 6.12, 95% CI (1.28-29.37)] were associated with contracting anthrax. The district was poorly resourced and delayed to respond to the outbreak.Conclusion: The described anthrax outbreak resulted from contact and consumption of infected cattle meat. The district office response was delayed and was not prepared to control the outbreak. However, the outbreak was eventually controlled through cattle vaccination; health education and awareness campaigns. The district should strengthen its emergency preparedness and response capacity, revive zoonotic committees, conduct awareness campaign during the high-risk period and improve the surveillance of anthrax during high-risk periods.

scholarly journals An investigation of an anthrax outbreak in Makoni District Ward 22 and 23 in Zimbabwe

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Makurumidze ◽  
Gombe Notion Tafara ◽  
Magure Tapuwa ◽  
Mufuta Tshimanga
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Environmental Assessment ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Bivariate Analysis ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Eating Meat ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Abstract Background : The first official clinical case of human anthrax case was made at Makoni District Medical Office on the 19 th of December 2013. This followed cattle deaths which were confirmed in the laboratory to be due to anthrax. We report the clinical characteristics, distribution of anthrax cases (place and time), risk factors for contracting the disease, environmental assessment, district preparedness and response and outbreak prevention and control measures. Methods: We conducted an outbreak investigation with the design of a 1:1 unmatched case-control study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Environmental assessment, district preparedness and response and outbreak prevention and control measures were assessed using checklists through observations and key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using Stata-16. Bivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors for contracting anthrax. Results: Thirty-seven cases (37) and 37 controls were interviewed. All the cases had cutaneous anthrax with commonest site of eschar being the hand (43%). Most of the cases (89%) were managed according to national guidelines. Eating meat from a from a cattle slaughtered due unknown illness or died alone [OR = 7.00 , 95%CI(2.06-23.82], skinning [OR = 5.04, 95%CI(1.77-14.36)], cutting meat [OR = 5.32, 95%CI(1.91-14.77)], cooking meat [OR = 3.42, 95%CI(1.32-8.91.)], source of from other villagers [vs butchery, OR = 14.85, 95%CI(2.79-79.06)], cuts during cutting meat or skinning cattle [OR = 3.50, 95% CI(1.18-10.51)], belonging to a religion which permits eating meat from a from a cattle slaughtered due unknown illness or died alone [OR = 6.29, 95%CI(1.85-21.39)] were associated with contracting anthrax. Having heard of anthrax before was protective against contracting anthrax [OR = 0.35, 95%CI (0.13-0.93)]. The district was ill-equipped and delay to respond to the outbreak. Conclusion: The anthrax outbreak resulted from contact with and consumption of infected cattle meat. The district delayed and was not prepared to control the outbreak. However, the outbreak was controlled through cattle vaccination; health education and awareness campaigns. The district should strengthen its emergence preparedness and response capacity, revive zoonotic committees, conduct awareness campaign during the high-risk period and improve the surveillance of anthrax during high risk periods.

scholarly journals Prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal protozoa in Madura cattle at Bangkalan Regency, East Java, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Poedji Hastutiek ◽  
Wiwik Misaco Yuniarti ◽  
Mufasirin Djaeri ◽  
Nunuk Dyah Retno Lastuti ◽  
Endang Suprihati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cryptosporidium Spp ◽  
Protozoan Infection ◽  
Eimeria Spp ◽  
Blastocystis Spp ◽  
Protozoan Infections ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Aim: This study aimed to describe the gastrointestinal protozoa in Madura cattle at Bangkalan Regency, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods: A total of 500 samples of Madura cattle feces were collected from 10 districts at Bangkalan Regency. Those ten districts represent the lowland and upland areas, and each district was represented by one village. The collected feces were examined using native, sedimentation, and floating methods. The species identification was determined by their morphology. Results: There were 357 (71.4%) samples positively infected with protozoan. The highest rate of sample with protozoan infection was at Kamal District (88.23%), and Bangkalan District (52.83%) was the lowest one. There were six species of protozoa that infected gastrointestinal tract; those are Eimeria spp., Balantidium spp., Isospora spp., Blastocystis spp., Entamoeba spp., and Cryptosporidium spp. The highest number of protozoa found in this research was Eimeria (53.42%) followed by Blastocystis (14.43%). In this study, we found that 295 samples (58.76%) infected by one kind of protozoa, 53 samples (10.56%) infected by two kinds of protozoa, and 11 samples (2.19%) infected by three kinds of protozoa. In addition, there were 65.54% of bulls infected with protozoa, considerably lower than cows (72.97%). Cattle aged 6 months-2 years old (73.39%) and >2 years old (71.25%) are known more prone to protozoan infections than cattle aged <6 months (66.15%). Conclusion: The present study revealed that protozoan infection of cattle is common in Bangkalan Regency. Studies focused on determining that the prevalence of protozoan, risk factors for the parasitism, and the geographic distribution are needed and will be effective guide for prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Investigation and control of a suspected nosocomial outbreak of pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in an intensive care unit

Open Medicine ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 587-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Ying ◽  
Li Qun ◽  
Liu Qinzhong ◽  
Chen Mingliang ◽  
Chen Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Nosocomial Outbreak ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii, a non-fermenting Gram-negative bacterium, is a common pathogen in intensive care units (ICU) that is easily spread through contact and can cause nosocomial outbreaks. This study investigated the risk factors associated with outbreaks of pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (PDR-Ab) infection by studying a suspected nosocomial outbreak in a comprehensive ICU in a teaching hospital in China, and discusses the effectiveness of current prevention and control measures.Pathogen detection methods involving pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) were employed to survey patients infected or colonized with PDR-Ab. An epidemiological investigation was conducted to determine the risk factors for infection or colonization with PDR-Ab between 1 October 2014 and 16 January 2015.The rate of PDR-Ab infection in the ICU was higher during the period from 1 October 2014 to 16 January 2015 than it was between 1 October 2013 and 16 January 2014. Only two cases were confirmed to have the same genotype. Risk factors were explored and the rate of infection was found to be controlled by interventions targeting these risk factors.A decrease in the number of infections was observed after multiple prevention and control measures were implemented, preventing the outbreak of a nosocomial infection.

scholarly journals Prevention and control measures of the major cold-region diseases (hypertension) in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-8
Author(s):  
Zhenwei Pan ◽  
Yong Zhang ◽  
Tengfei Pan ◽  
Haihai Liang ◽  
Baofeng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Events ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Cold Region ◽  
Low Latitude ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control ◽  
Epidemiological Characteristics

Abstract Hypertension is the most common cardiovascular condition in clinical practice and a major risk factor for stroke and cardiovascular events. There are more than 270 million hypertension patients in China, and the prevalence of hypertension in the high-latitude cold areas is significantly higher than in the low-latitude warm areas. The unique epidemiological characteristics and risk factors of hypertension in the cold regions of China urge for establishment of the prevention and control system for targeted and more effective management of the condition.

scholarly journals Risk factors analyses and preventive measures of immersed tunnel engineering

2021 ◽  
Vol 236 ◽  
pp. 02025
Author(s):  
Jiao Zhang ◽  
Sainan Fu ◽  
Jianping Zhu ◽  
Jiancheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Tunnel Engineering ◽  
Immersed Tunnel ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Based on the comprehensive analyses of many risk factors leading to accidents in immersed tunnel engineering, it is concluded that the risk factors leading to accidents in immersed tunnel engineering are very large and must be paid attention to in all aspects at all stages of the project. This paper classifies and identifies the risk factors in immersed tunnel engineering by investigating and visiting the relevant investigation, design and construction units of immersed tunnel, and then puts forward prevention and control measures to provide theoretical basis for the prevention of risk factors in Immersed Tunnel Engineering in the future and the risk management of the whole project.

scholarly journals Prevalência e fatores de risco da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina em rebanhos bovinos da microrregião de Teresina, estado do Piauí, Brasil

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (6) ◽  
pp. 6-15
Author(s):  
Pedro Henrique Viana Rebêlo ◽  
◽  
Flávio de Sousa Oliveira ◽  
Rafael Gabino Cavalcante ◽  
Francisco das Chagas Cardoso Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
The State ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Agar Gel ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

The present work aims to estimate the seroprevalence of Bovine Enzootic Leukosis - LEB and to identify the risk factors associated with seroreactivity for infection by the LEB virus, in cattle from herds raised in the Teresina Microregion, in the State of Piaui, Brazil. 420 blood samples were examined in 14 municipalities belonging to the microregion, the technique used for the research was Immunodiffusion in Agar Gel (IDGA). There was a prevalence rate of 19.52% (82/420) of seroreagent animals, with the occurrence of at least one animal positive for LEB in each herd evaluated. The results show that prevention and control measures are necessary for better surveillance of herds.

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