Towards a Naturalistic Philosophy

Metaphysica ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Ignacio Galparsoro
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Psychology ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
Central Concept ◽  
Cultural Object ◽  
Naturalistic Philosophy ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Natural Way ◽  
As If

AbstractThis paper is an invitation to reflect on the advisability of analysing philosophy from a naturalistic perspective. That is, from a perspective that considers philosophy as if it was one more cultural object, which can be studied using the tools that we have available to us today and that are provided by disciplines such as evolutionary psychology or anthropology oriented by a distinctly cognitivist approach. A central concept in the analysis is that of “intuitive ontology” – closely linked to intuitive (or folk-) philosophy or the spontaneous, naïve (natural) way of thinking that is associated with common sense – which is a result of the evolutionary process and a source of metaphysical prejudices such as dualism. A metaphilosophical reflection, such as that proposed here, identifies the “natural” character of a transcendent metaphysics that is still too close to intuitive philosophy, and the interest of constituting a naturalistic philosophy that is fully conscious of its “unnatural” or “counterintuitive” character.

scholarly journals A Teacher’s Will nor His Strategies, Guides Itself to Motivate the Learners’ Desires

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Edilmar P. Masuhay, Msmathed
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Strategies ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Behavioral Problems ◽  
Young Professionals ◽  
As If

The teacher himself, not his motivational skills and his teaching strategies that guide his students to be more confident and aspired. As if this study relates to the life of teachers, the researcher with this recommends that every teacher should bear in mind that “the desired teacher is a leader that shall always keep the best means for his students.” The study interprets that Filipinos mathematicians’ in this generation are majority woman, and responsive young professionals, endowed with virtues of being a loner, enthusiast, and well mannered. Common sense indulged that students with positive virtues were practically easy to transform but delimit students with behavioral problems.

scholarly journals Nietzsche e a Historiografia Prussiana: análise de fragmentos póstumos da Primeira Fase de sua obra

Antíteses ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 979
Author(s):  
Celso Kraemer ◽  
Dominique Santos ◽  
Aniele Crescêncio
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
German States ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
As If

RESUMO Ao observar as relações de Nietzsche com seus contemporâneos verifica-se que ele estava ciente das principais discussões relativas à Unificação da Alemanha (1871). Para a unificação era necessário que os 39 estados alemães compartilhassem o sentimento de pertencimento a uma pátria comum. Nesse meandro, os historiadores prussianos do século XIX desempenharam papel fundamental ao produzir um ambiente filosófico nacionalista, uma maneira científica e objetiva de pensar sobre a história. O objetivo deste trabalho é compreender as interações de Nietzsche com estes círculos intelectuais. Para isto, foram selecionados quatro dos chamados fragmentos póstumos de Nietzsche datados entre 1871 e 1873. De acordo com o ponto de vista de Nietzsche, as pretensões dos historiadores, não tinham nenhuma crítica, pois acreditavam, ingenuamente, que a verdade era um alvo tangível. Por outro lado, ele indicou a necessidade de uma história ligada à cultura, que era trabalhada em conjunto com "instintos artísticos".  ABSTRACT By observing the relationship of Nietzsche with his contemporaries one can notice that he was aware of the main discussions related to the unification of Germany (1871). Unification required 39 German states to share the feeling of belonging to a common homeland. Prussian historians of the nineteenth century played a key role in producing such a nationalist philosophical environment, a scientific and objectivist way of thinking about History. This work aim is to understand the interactions between Nietzsche and this intelectual circles. For this purpose, four of the so-called posthumous Nietzsche fragments, dated between 1871 and 1873, were selected. According to Nietzsche's point of view, some historians had a naive pretension to reach the truth, as if it were a tangible target. On another hand, he pointed out the necessity of a link between History and Culture, which should be understood altogether with ‘artistic instincts’. 

Deformed Kinds and the Fixity of Species

1987 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 110-116
Keyword(s):  
Natural Kinds ◽  
Animal Kingdom ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Natural Way ◽  
As If

In his biological works Aristotle frequently applies the language of abnormality to those individual members of natural kinds which fail through various defects to live up to the standard of their kind (e.g. GA iv.3 and 4). Aristotle extends this language of abnormality to natural kinds themselves, and will often speak of kinds as‘ deformed’ (TreTTripanevos or avd-rrrfpos) or ‘warped’ (Siearpafifxevos).1 In the vast majority of his references to abnormal kinds,2 Aristotle represents them as defective only because they do not measure up to some standard of excellence, and not because of any genuine distortion of their nature. In one category of cases the defective species belongs to a genus which demands a certain characteristic of its species, but which the defective species does not possess. The lobster, for example, belongs to a genus that possesses claws for prehension and for defence, and thus it too possesses claws. It is, however, ‘deformed’, because it does not use its claws in the natural way, but rather for locomotion (PA iv.8.684a32-bl). Such deformities as these may even conform to Aristotle′s teleology and promote the good of the defective species. The seal, for example, belongs to the genus, the viviparous terrestrial, which requires external ears of its members. The seal does not possess them, and consequently is ‘deformed’ (PA n.12.657a22–4). Yet Aristotle also argues that the seal′s lack of external ears is an advantage, because of its aquatic life, and Nature acts ‘reasonably’ in depriving it of them (GA v.l.781b22–8). In another category of cases the abnormal kind is defective with respect to a broader standard of excellence that lies outside its genus. Testaceans, such as the snail, are ‘deformed’ because they move ‘contrary to nature’. They do not move like a footed animal, but as if they were footed animals whose legs have been cut off (IA 19.714b8–19). This category of abnormality even takes in the whole of the animal kingdom, with the exception of man. For every animal is ‘dwarf-like’ in comparison with man, which is the best of animals, because the upper part of every animal′s body, in contrast with that of man′s, is larger than its lower part (PA iv.lO.686b2–21).

Linguistic Philosophy and Perception

Philosophy ◽  
1953 ◽  
Vol 28 (107) ◽  
pp. 311-324
Author(s):  
Margaret MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
External World ◽  
Physical World ◽  
Sense Experience ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Senses ◽  
Perceptual Variation ◽  
Linguistic Philosophy ◽  
As If

Philosophical theories of perception are generally admitted to be responses to certain problems or puzzles allied to the ancient dichotomy between Appearance and Reality. For they have been mainly provoked by the incompatibility of the common–sense assumption that an external, physical world exists and is revealed to the senses with the well–known facts of perceptual variation and error. If only what is real were perceived just as if only what is right were done it is possible that many of those questions would never have been asked which lead to moral philosophy and a metaphysics of the external world. But sense perceptions of the same object vary so that it appears to have contradictory qualities and are sometimes completely deceptive. Nor do illusory differ internally from veridical perceptions. Moreover, perceptual variation and error can be unmasked only by such procedures as looking more carefully, listening harder, trying to touch, asking others, in short by more sense experience. So the senses are, as it were, both accused and judge in these disputes and why should a venal judge be trusted more than the criminal he tries? Such “correction” of one experience by another of the same kind seems no more reliable than the original “error.” Philosophers have found all this very puzzling.

scholarly journals The World Beyond Black Holes (A Mathematical Framework for the Physics of Black Holes)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Black Holes ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
Sudden Change ◽  
Mathematical Framework ◽  
Perfect Equilibrium ◽  
Large Shift ◽  
Physics Of Black Holes ◽  
Entire Universe ◽  
Way Of Thinking

To understand the physics of Black Holes, it is important to understand the first law in Physics which controls our entire universe. This is the law of “Perfect Equilibrium”. Within the entire universe there is always a prefect equilibrium between all the physical forces like gravity, forces of inertia, radiation pressure and Electro-Magnetic Interaction forces at any time, in any direction and at any space coordinate. This is the fundamental law in physics on which also the existence of a Black Hole has been grounded. This new theory will explain the forces within a beam of light interacting with gravity while the beam of light propagates within the gravitational field generated by a black hole.When we look at modern Physics, we can only be impressed by an enormous amount of knowledge and a complete New World of technical applications. We now live in the century of the impressive victory of the new science and the new technology over the old-fashioned world and the old-fashioned way of thinking. Great shifts in the way of thinking and the technological achievements are mostly characterized by an important scientific publication in a century that changes everything in that century. We can recognize the century of Isaac Newton who triggered in 1687 the seismic shift in thinking with his famous publication “Philisophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy). We recognize the century of James Clerk Maxwell who triggered in 1865 the large shift in thinking with his famous publication “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”.We recognize the century of Albert Einstein who triggered in 1905 the large changings in thinking with his famous theory of Special Relativity represented in his publication “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”. Manifesting a “New Theory” and a “New Way of Thinking” with important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and Hermann Minkowski. It is recognizable that with the sudden change in thinking in a new period, a new kind of mutual common sense and a general agreement by many scientists of the new theory and the new way of thinking arises. The “New Theory” will be protected by common sense and mutual agreement. This new way of thinking settles down in the scientific society and become immovable. Other options disappear and simply do not exist anymore. Which will make it almost impossible for the following “New Theory” to rise. The “New Theory” which will be introduced in this article has been based on the fundamental principle of “Perfect Equilibrium within the Universe”. A fundamental universal principle in Physics which has already been expressed by Newton’s famous 3 equations, published in 1687 in “Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Newton’s famous Equations in 3 dimensions will be published in this article in an extension into 4 dimensions. Newton’s 4-dimensional law in the 3 spatial dimensions results in an improved version of the classical Maxwell Equations and Newton’s law in the 4th dimension (time) results in the quantum mechanical Schrödinger wave equation (at non-relativistic velocities) and the relativistic Dirac equation.

scholarly journals 150 Years Physics based on the Wrong Equation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Vegt
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Energy Transport ◽  
Natural Philosophy ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Scientific Publication ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Nikola Tesla ◽  
Way Of Thinking

When we look at todays Physics, we can only be impressed by an enormous amount of knowledge and a complete New World of technical applications that has never been in the world before. We now live in the century of the impressive victory of the new science and the new technology over the old-fashioned world and the old-fashioned way of thinking. Great changings in the way of thinking and the technological achievements are mostly characterized by an important scientific publication in a century that changes everything in that century. We can recognize the century of Isaac Newton who triggered in 1687 the large changings in thinking with his famous publication “Philisophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica” (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy).We recognize the century of James Clerk Maxwell who triggered in 1865 the large changings in thinking with his famous publication “A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field”.We recognize the century of Albert Einstein who triggered in 1905 the large changings in thinking with his famous theory of Special Relativity represented in his publication “On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies”. Manifesting a “New Theory” and a “New Way of Thinking” with important contributions of Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and Hermann Minkowski.It is recognizable that with the suddenly changing in thinking in a new period, a new kind of mutual common sense and a general agreement by many scientists of the the new theory and the new way of thinking rises. The new theory becomes like a medieval town with a large high wall around it. The New Theory will be protected by common sense and mutual agreement. This new way of thinking settles down in the scientific society and become immovable. Other options disappear and simply do not exist anymore. Books from Wim Vegt in the series: “The POWER OF LIGHT”:10) The Nikola Tesla Way of Energy Transport. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402191349. Paperback ISBN: 9789402190984.9) The Rise of ELF Electromagnetic Attack Weapons and the Necessity of the Development of Corresponding ELF Defense Systems. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402189544. Paperback ISBN: 97894021891178) Unified 4-Dimensional Hyperspace Equilibrium. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402181036. Paperback ISBN: 97894021809857) Beyond Superstrings. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402179668. Paperback ISBN: 97894021796376) The Hidden World Behind Superstrings. (E-book) ISBN: 97894021800535) Light is the Bridge between God, Relativity and Quantum Physics (E-book) ISBN: 97894021789754) The Particle-Wave-Mass Unification. A New Theory in Quantum Physics. (E-book) ISBN: 9789402178647. Paperback ISBN: 97894021785863) The Tri-Unity in Religion and in Science. (Paperback) ISBN: 97894021785312) The Power of the LIGHT rules over the SHADOWS of the DARKNESS (Paperback) ISBN: 97894021783261) The Bridge of Light (E-book) ISBN: 9789402177947. Paperback ISBN: 9789402177763

scholarly journals On Aggregation and Computation on Domain Values

1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (414) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Skak Larsen
Keyword(s):  
Query Languages ◽  
Relational Algebra ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Natural Way

<p>Query languages often allow a limited amount of anthmetic and string operations on domain values, and sometimes sets of values can be dealt with through aggregation and sometimes even set comparisons. We address the question of how these facilities can be added to a relational language in a natural way. Our discussions lead us to reconsider the definition of the standard operators, and we introduce a new way of thinking about relational algebra computations.</p><p>We define a language FC, which has an iteration mechanism as its basis. A tuple language is used to carry out almost all computations. We prove equivalence results relating FC to relational algebra under various circumstances.</p>

‘Scottish to the Very Core’

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas McDermid
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Thomas Reid ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
At Home

This chapter describes how Ferrier had the last laugh, despite his failure to be appointed to Sir William Hamilton’s Chair at Edinburgh in 1856. For by the end of the nineteenth century, it was apparent that several of the once-unpopular causes championed by Ferrier in the 1840s and 1850s had triumphed: Thomas Reid was no longer the beau ideal of most Scottish philosophers, the old meta-philosophy of common sense was decidedly out of favour, and idealism had supplanted realism as the metaphysic of choice in many Scottish universities. Although a few grizzled defenders of Reidian-inspired realism could still be found at home and abroad, their way of thinking seemed banal and un-nuanced to a generation of Scottish students who had cut their philosophical teeth on the subtleties of German speculation.

The Problem of Insulation

Philosophy ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai-hung Wong
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Human Knowledge ◽  
The World ◽  
As If

Insulation is a noticeable phenomenon in the case of most non-Pyrrhonian sceptics about human knowledge. A sceptic is experiencing insulation when his scepticism does not have any effect on his common sense beliefs, and his common sense beliefs do not have any effect on his scepticism. I try to show why this is a puzzling phenomenon, and how it can be explained. It is puzzling because insulation seems to require blindness to one's own epistemic irresponsibility and irrationality, while the sceptic presumably cares a lot about being epistemically responsible and rational. Insulation can be explained by means of a notion of philosophical detachment: to be detached from one's own beliefs about the world is to take an other-personal position towards those beliefs, treating them as if they are another person's beliefs. It is because of this that the sceptic's scepticism is insulated from his scepticism because he cannot be detached from his beliefs about the world when he is engaging in everyday, practical activities. I conclude the paper with a brief discussion of the generality of the problem of insulation.

Promoting Number Sense in the Middle Grades

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-120
Author(s):  
Barbara J. Reys
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Mathematics Teaching ◽  
Teaching And Learning ◽  
Middle Grades ◽  
Number Sense ◽  
School Mathematics ◽  
Evaluation Standards ◽  
Mathematics Teaching And Learning ◽  
Way Of Thinking

Phrases such as “number sense,” “Operation sense,” and “intuitive understanding of number” are used throughout the Curriculum and Evaluation Standards for School Mathematics (NCTM 1989) to describe an intangible quality possessed by successful mathematics learners. Number sense refers to an intuitive feeling for numbers and their various uses and interpretations, an appreciation for various levels of accuracy when computing, the ability to detect arithmetical errors, and a common-sense approach to using numbers (Howden 1989; McIntosh, Reys, and Reys 1991). Number sense is not a finite entity that a student either has or does not have but rather a process that develops and matures with experience and knowledge. It does not develop by chance, nor does being skilled at manipulating numbers necessarily reflect this acquaintance and familiarity with numbers. Above all, number sense is characterized by a desire to make sense of numerical situations, including relating numbers to context and analyzing the effect of manipulations on numbers. It is a way of thinking that should permeate all aspects of mathematics teaching and learning.

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