Physical origin of chemical periodicities in the system of elements

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1969-1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang-Su Cao ◽  
Han-Shi Hu ◽  
Jun Li ◽  
W. H. Eugen Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
Ordered Array ◽  
The Many ◽  
General Physical ◽  
Physical Laws ◽  
Chemical Fields ◽  
Simple Network

AbstractThe Periodic Law, one of the great discoveries in human history, is magnificent in the art of chemistry. Different arrangements of chemical elements in differently shaped Periodic Tables serve for different purposes. “Can this Periodic Table be derived from quantum chemistry or physics?” can only be answered positively, if theinternalstructure of the Periodic Table is explicitly connected to facts and data from chemistry. Quantum chemical rationalization of such a Periodic Tables is achieved by explaining the details ofenergies and radiiof atomiccore and valenceorbitals in theleadingelectron configurations of chemicallybondedatoms. The coarse horizontal pseudo-periodicity in seven rows of 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32, 32 members is triggered by the low energy of and large gap above the 1s andnsp valence shells (2 ≤ n ≤ 6 !). The pseudo-periodicity, in particular the wavy variation of the elemental properties in the four longer rows, is due to the different behaviors of the s and p vs. d and f pairs of atomic valence shells along the ordered array of elements. The so-called secondary or vertical periodicity is related to pseudo-periodic changes of the atomic core shells. The Periodic Law of the naturally given System of Elements describes the trends of the many chemical properties displayedinsidethe Chemical Periodic Tables. While the general physical laws of quantum mechanics form a simple network, their application to the unlimited field of chemical materials under ambient ‘human’ conditions results in a complex and somewhat accidental structureinsidethe Table that fits to some more or less symmetricoutershape. Periodic Tables designed after some creative concept for the overall appearance are of interest in non-chemical fields of wisdom and art.

scholarly journals Role of the periodic table in discovery of new elements

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.C. Hoffman
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Future Role ◽  
History Of ◽  
Chemical Techniques

AbstractThis year (2009) marks the 140th Anniversary of Mendeleev's original 1869 periodic table of the elements based on atomic weights. It also marks the 175th anniversary of his birth in Tolbosk, Siberia. The history of the development of periodic tables of the chemical elements is briefly reviewed beginning with the presentation by Dmitri Mendeleev and his associate Nikolai Menshutkin of their original 1869 table based on atomic weights. The value, as well as the sometimes negative effects, of periodic tables in guiding the discovery of new elements based on their predicted chemical properties is assessed. It is noteworthy that the element with Z=101 (mendelevium) was identified in 1955 using chemical techniques. The discoverers proposed the name mendelevium to honor the predictive power of the Mendeleev Periodic Table. Mendelevium still remains the heaviest element to have been identified first by chemical rather than nuclear or physical techniques. The question concerning whether there will be a future role for the current form of the periodic table in predicting chemical properties and aid in the identification of elements beyond those currently known is considered.

scholarly journals Periodic Law, Mendeleev Society and Mendeleev Congresses

Vestnik RFFI ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
Aslan Yu. Tsivadze
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Society ◽  
World Science ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Mendeleev Russian Chemical ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
The World ◽  
English Speaking

In November 1868, the Ministry of Enlightenment of Russia approved the Charter of the Russian Chemical Society (RCS), one of the Founding Members of which had been Dmitri Mendeleev. The first report on Mendeleev Periodic Table of Chemical Elements was delivered during a meeting of the RCS in March 1869. Therefore 1869 is considered by the world science as the year of discovery of the Periodic Law and formulation of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements. Year 2019 is the 150th anniversary since Dmitry Mendeleev discovered the Periodic System, and the United Nations proclaimed this year to be the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (IYPT2019). After a series of transformations, in 1992 the RCS became the Mendeleev Russian Chemical Society. In 2019, the RCS is holding anniversary events. The extraordinary Mendeleev Congress on General and Applied Chemistry is one of them. It will be held in Saint Petersburg in September 2019 and will host approximately 3,000 foreign and Russian participants. English-speaking symposia, conferences and round tables on current issues of strategic development of science and technology are planned as a part of the Congress.

scholarly journals Understanding Periodic and Non-periodic Chemistry in Periodic Tables

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsu Cao ◽  
René E. Vernon ◽  
W. H. Eugen Schwarz ◽  
Jun Li
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Physical Vacuum ◽  
Eyes Open ◽  
The Common ◽  
Nuanced Understanding ◽  
Chemical Conditions ◽  
Aesthetic Concepts ◽  
Secondary Periodicity

The chemical elements are the “conserved principles” or “kernels” of chemistry that are retained when substances are altered. Comprehensive overviews of the chemistry of the elements and their compounds are needed in chemical science. To this end, a graphical display of the chemical properties of the elements, in the form of a Periodic Table, is the helpful tool. Such tables have been designed with the aim of either classifying real chemical substances or emphasizing formal and aesthetic concepts. Simplified, artistic, or economic tables are relevant to educational and cultural fields, while practicing chemists profit more from “chemical tables of chemical elements.” Such tables should incorporate four aspects: (i) typical valence electron configurations of bonded atoms in chemical compounds (instead of the common but chemically atypical ground states of free atoms in physical vacuum); (ii) at least three basic chemical properties (valence number, size, and energy of the valence shells), their joint variation across the elements showing principal and secondary periodicity; (iii) elements in which the (sp)8, (d)10, and (f)14valence shells become closed and inert under ambient chemical conditions, thereby determining the “fix-points” of chemical periodicity; (iv)peculiar elements at the top and at the bottom of the Periodic Table. While it is essential that Periodic Tables display important trends in element chemistry we need to keep our eyes open for unexpected chemical behavior in ambient, near ambient, or unusual conditions. The combination of experimental data and theoretical insight supports a more nuanced understanding of complex periodic trends and non-periodic phenomena.

Heavy, Superheavy . . . Quo Vadis?

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. Karol
Keyword(s):  
Atomic Number ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Superheavy Element ◽  
Electron Shell ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
Definition Of

Uranium was Discovered in 1789 by the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth in pitchblende ore from Joachimsthal, a town now in the Czech Republic. Nearly a century later, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev placed uranium at the end of his periodic table of the chemical elements. A century ago, Moseley used x-ray spectroscopy to set the atomic number of uranium at 92, making it the heaviest element known at the time. This chapter will deal with the quest to explore that limit and heavy and superheavy elements, and provide an update on where continuation of the periodic table is headed and some of the significant changes in its appearance and interpretation that may be necessary. Our use of the term “heavy elements” differs from that of astrophysicists who refer to elements above helium as heavy elements. The meaning of the term “superheavy” element is still not exactly agreed upon and has changed over the past several decades. “Ultraheavy” is occasionally used. Interestingly, there is no formal definition of “periodic table” by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in their glossary of definitions: the “Gold Book.” But there are plenty of definitions in the general literature—including Wikipedia, the collaborative, free, internet encyclopedia which calls the “periodic table” a “tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their atomic numbers, electron configurations (electron shell model), and recurring chemical properties. Elements are presented in order of increasing atomic number (the number of protons in the nucleus).” IUPAC’s first definition of a “chemical element” is: “A species of atoms; all atoms with the same number of protons in the atomic nucleus.” Their definition of atom: “the smallest particle still characterizing a chemical element. It consists of a nucleus of positive charge (Z is the proton number and e the elementary charge) carrying almost all its mass (more than 99.9%) and Z electrons determining its size.”

Scientific discovery in statu nascendi: The case of Dmitrii Mendeleev's Periodic Law

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
IGOR S. DMITRIEV
Keyword(s):  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Scientific Discovery ◽  
Basic Principles ◽  
Transitional Metals ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
History Of ◽  
Lively Debate ◽  
Unification Problem ◽  
The Ideal

ABSTRACT: The history of Mendeleev's famous discovery has long been a matter of lively debate among experts. This essay proposes a new reading of this story, which differs from the well-known reconstructions made by Kedrov, Bensaude-Vincent, Graham and others. Particular attention is paid to the context of a Mendelevian thought and the analysis of the surviving outlines of his first variants of the Periodic Table. By considering Mendeleev's discovery of the Periodic Law one can identify the three principal stages in his work: 1) the composition of the ““first attempt””(pervaia proba) of the system of chemical elements and the discovery of the periodic character in dependence of the elements, properties on their atomic weights (late 1868-early 1869); 2) the composition of Attempt at a system of elements based on their atomic weights and chemical similarity as a temporary version of the Periodic Table (February 1869); 3) the composition of the Natural system of elements (November 1870). Mendeleevian work on Attempt revealed a lack of clear chemical criteria for unifying elements of different classes——the ““natural families”” and ““transitional metals””——into a general taxomonical scheme that forced him to reject the ideal structure of the system of elements that he had formed earlier (1868). It was only by November of 1870 that Mendeleev finally solved the ““unification problem,”” formulating the basic principles of his system. This article also discusses how Mendeleev's views on the structure of the Periodic System were mediated by his convictions regarding the constitution of organic compounds.

scholarly journals 150th anniversary of periodic table of chemical elements

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 (6) ◽  
pp. 561-562
Author(s):  
Board of the journal "Herald of the RAS"
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
150Th Anniversary ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
The United Nations

The United Nations declared 2019 the International Year of the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements, coinciding with the 150th anniversary of the Periodic Law, opened in 1869 by the great Russian scientist-encyclopedist Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834–1907).

The Periodic System: A Mathematical Approach

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillermo Restrepo
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Element ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Protein Complexes ◽  
Simple Substance ◽  
System A ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Recent Formulation

The Periodic Table, Despite its near 150 years, is still a vital scientific construct. Two instances of this vitality are the recent formulation of a periodic table of protein complexes (Ahnert et al. 2015) and the announcement of four new chemical elements (Van Noorden 2016). “Interestingly, there is no formal definition of ‘Periodic Table’,” claims Karol (2017) in his chapter of the current volume. And even worse, the related concepts that come into play when referring to the periodic table (such as periodic law, chemical element, periodic system, and some others) overlap, leading to confusion. In this chapter we explore the meaning of the periodic table and of some of its related terms. In so doing we highlight a few common mistakes that arise from confusion of those terms and from misinterpretation of others. By exploring the periodic table, we analyze its mathematics and discuss a recent comment by Hoffmann (2015): “No one in my experience tries to prove [the periodic table] wrong, they just want to find some underlying reason why it is right.” We claim that if the periodic table were “wrong,” its structure would be variable; however the test of the time, including similarity studies, show that it is rather invariable. An approach to the structure of the periodic system we follow in this chapter is through similarity. In so doing we review seven works addressing the similarity of chemical elements accounting for different number of elements and using different properties, either chemical or physical ones. The concept of “chemical element” has raised the interest of several scholars such as Paneth (1962) and is still a matter of discussion given the double meaning it has (see, e.g., Scerri 2007, Earley 2009, Ruthenberg 2009, Ghibaudi et al. 2013, van Brakel 2014, Restrepo & Harré 2015), which is confusing, leading to misconceptions. The two meanings of the concept of chemical element are basic and simple substance. According to Paneth (1962), a basic substance belongs to the transcendental world and it is devoid of qualities, and therefore is not perceptible to our senses.

The Periodic Table: A Very Short Introduction

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Electron Configuration ◽  
Short Introduction ◽  
Atomic Theory ◽  
Recent Advances

The periodic table of elements provides an arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The Periodic Table: A Very Short Introduction considers what led to the table’s construction and shows how the deeper meaning of its structure gradually became apparent with the development of atomic theory and quantum mechanics, which underlies the behaviour of all of the elements and their compounds. This new edition celebrates the completion of the seventh period of the table, with the ratification and naming of elements 113, 115, 117, and 118 as nihonium, moscovium, tennessine, and oganesson, and incorporates recent advances in our understanding of the origin of the elements.

Viatscheslaw Romanoff: unknown genius of the periodic system

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 1921-1928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Kurushkin
Keyword(s):  
Periodic System ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Precious Metal ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Noble Gas ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Correct Placement ◽  
History Of ◽  
Actinide Series ◽  
And Chemical Properties

Abstract The history of chemistry has not once seen representations of the periodic system that have not received proper attention or recognition. The present paper is dedicated to a nearly unknown version of the periodic table published on the occasion of the centenary celebration of Mendeleev’s birth (1934) by V. Romanoff. His periodic table visually merges Werner’s and Janet’s periodic tables and it is essentially the spiral periodic system on a plane. In his 1934 paper, Romanoff was the first one to introduce the idea of the actinide series, a decade before Glenn T. Seaborg, the renowned creator of the actinide concept. As a consequence, another most outstanding thing about Romanoff’s paper occurs towards its very end: he essentially predicted the discovery of elements #106, #111 and #118. He theorized that, had uranium not been the “creative limit”, we would have met element #106, a “legal” member of group 6, element #111, a precious metal, “super-gold” and element #118, a noble gas. In 2019, we take it for granted that elements #106, #111 and #118 indeed exist and they are best known as seaborgium, roentgenium and oganesson. It is fair to say that Romanoff’s success with the prediction of correct placement and chemical properties of seaborgium, roentgenium and oganesson was only made possible due to the introduction of an early version of the actinide series that only had four elements at that time. Sadly, while Professor Romanoff was imprisoned (1938–1943), two new elements, neptunium (element #93) and plutonium (element #94) were discovered. While Professor Romanoff was in exile in Ufa (1943–1953), six further elements were added to the periodic table: americium (element #95), curium (element #96), berkelium (element #97), californium (element #98), einsteinium (element #99) and fermium (element #100). The next year after his death, in 1955, mendelevium (element #101), was discovered. Romanoff’s version of the periodic table is an unparalleled precursor to the contemporary periodic table, and is an example of extraordinary anticipation of the discovery of new chemical elements.

2. A quick overview of the modern periodic table

2019 ◽  
pp. 10-29
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri
Keyword(s):  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Atomic Number ◽  
Periodic Table ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Atomic Weight ◽  
Equivalent Weight ◽  
Periodic Law ◽  
The Way

‘A quick overview of the modern periodic table’ explains the arrangement of elements in the periodic table, and introduces the concept of periodic law. Elements were originally ordered by their equivalent weight, but this was superseded by atomic weight, and then atomic number. There are many versions of the periodic table, but all obey periodic law, which states that after certain regular, but varying intervals, the chemical elements show an approximate repetition in their properties. Developments in physics, especially quantum mechanics and relativity, have changed the way we think about elements and periodicity. The number of known elements has increased to 118 as the result of the synthesis of artificial elements.

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