Radiometric measurement of lignite coal and its by-products and assessment of the usability of fly ash as raw materials in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 611-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şeref Turhan ◽  
Elif Gören ◽  
Ahmed M.K. Garad ◽  
Aydan Altıkulaç ◽  
Aslı Kurnaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Chemical Components ◽  
The Public ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Lignite Coal ◽  
Major Chemical ◽  
By Products

Abstract Lignite coal (LC) is a key energy source for electricity generation in Turkey. During lignite burning, huge amounts of fly ash (FA), bottom ash and slag are produced as by-products which contain radionuclides in the natural radioactive series of uranium and thorium, and radioactive potassium. These radionuclides may lead to radiological exposure of workers and the public and cause environmental problems. Therefore, finding diverse uses for the by-products in the construction sector and earthwork applications has considerable economic and environmental importance. In this study, the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in and radon emanating power (EP) and radon mass exhalation rate (EXRM) from LC, slag and FA obtained from the Kangal lignite-burning power plant with a power of 457 MWe were measured using gamma-ray spectroscopy. The major chemical components (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, CaO and MgO) of fly ash samples were analysed using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The annual effective doses received by workers and members of the public were estimated using different scenarios specified in Radiation protection 122. The average activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 40K in LC, slag and FA samples were 187±21, 16±1 and 99±9 Bq kg−1, 620±18, 41±2 and 330±13 Bq kg−1, and 937±30, 38±2 and 272±17 Bq kg−1, respectively. The average values of EP and EXRM of the lignite, slag and FA samples were 8 %, 7 % and 10 %, and 0.1, 0.3 and 0.7 Bq kg−1 h−1, respectively. The highest average of the total annual effective dose is estimated at 153 μSv for members of the public and 74 μSv for workers, lower than the recommended annual limit of 1000 μSv.

scholarly journals New Approach for the Determination of Radiological Parameters on Hardened Cement Pastes with Coal Fly Ash

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 475
Author(s):  
Ana María Moreno de los Reyes ◽  
José Antonio Suárez-Navarro ◽  
Maria del Mar Alonso ◽  
Catalina Gascó ◽  
Isabel Sobrados ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Cementitious Materials ◽  
New Method ◽  
Supplementary Cementitious Materials ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Cement Pastes ◽  
Activity Concentrations

Supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in industrial waste and by-products are routinely used to mitigate the adverse environmental effects of, and lower the energy consumption associated with, ordinary Portland cement (OPC) manufacture. Many such SCMs, such as type F coal fly ash (FA), are naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORMs). 226Ra, 232Th and 40K radionuclide activity concentration, information needed to determine what is known as the gamma-ray activity concentration index (ACI), is normally collected from ground cement samples. The present study aims to validate a new method for calculating the ACI from measurements made on unground 5 cm cubic specimens. Mechanical, mineralogical and radiological characterisation of 28-day OPC + FA pastes (bearing up to 30 wt % FA) were characterised to determine their mechanical, mineralogical and radiological properties. The activity concentrations found for 226Ra, 212Pb, 232Th and 40K in hardened, intact 5 cm cubic specimens were also statistically equal to the theoretically calculated values and to the same materials when ground to a powder. These findings consequently validated the new method. The possibility of determining the activity concentrations needed to establish the ACI for cement-based materials on unground samples introduces a new field of radiological research on actual cement, mortar and concrete materials.

Western Fly Ash Research, Development and Data Center

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. McCarthy ◽  
O. E. Manz ◽  
R. J. Stevenson ◽  
D. J. Hassett ◽  
G. H. Groenewold
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
North Dakota ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
Data Center ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Research Development ◽  
High Calcium ◽  
By Products

With financial support from utilities and ash brokers*, the Western Fly Ash Research, Development and Data Center was established under the aegis of the North Dakota Mining and Mineral Resources Research Institute in August of 1985. Research will be performed by the two North Dakota universities in Grand Forks and Fargo. The fundamental objective of the Center is to enhance the knowledge base of the properties (chemical, mineralogical and physical) and reactions of the coal by-products (principally fly ash, but including bottom ash and FGD waste) produced in the Midwestern and Great Plains regions of the US. Most of the study specimens will be high-calcium (ASTM Class C) ash derived from low-rank lignite and subbituminous coals mined in North Dakota, Montana and Wyoming, although ash from other regions and coals is also being studied. The enhanced knowledge base should lead to more widespread utilization of these by-products [1,2] or, where this is necessary, to their safe and cost-effective disposal [3].

Transfer of natural radionuclides from soil to plants in Savar Dhaka

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Haque ◽  
J. Ferdous
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Natural Radionuclides ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Transfer Factors ◽  
The Public ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Plant Transfer

The radioactivity of environmental samples from nuclear reactor sites must be analyzed before the public is given free access to the plants grown in these soils. Plant and corresponding soil samples were collected from a sample site around the Savar research reactor near Dhaka (Bangladesh) and the activity concentrations of natural radionuclides <sup>226</sup>Ra (<sup>238</sup>U-chain), <sup>228</sup>Ra (<sup>232</sup>Th-chain) and non-chained <sup>40</sup>K were measured using gamma ray spectrometry. Soils of Savar contained more radioactive <sup>40</sup>K than <sup>226</sup>Ra and <sup>228</sup>Ra. The influence of certain soil properties on the activity concentrations and transfer factors (TF) of natural radionuclides were investigated by correlating the observed data with those of soil properties. The activity concentrations of <sup>40</sup>K were much higher than those of <sup>226</sup>Ra and <sup>228</sup>Ra in plants due to higher uptake from soils. The transfer factors for <sup>226</sup>Ra, <sup>228</sup>Ra and <sup>40</sup>K were found to range from 0.04 to 0.10, 0.12 to 0.32, and 0.24 to 0.72, respectively. The soil to plant transfer factors for <sup>40</sup>K was found to be much higher in plants, which might be due to this element being vital in plants. This study showed that activity concentrations of these radionuclides in plants and their plant transfer factors seem to depend on the activity concentrations of the same radionuclides in soil.</p><p><strong> </strong>

The effectiveness of industrial by-products to stop phosphorous loss from a Pallic soil

Soil Research ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 42 (7) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. McDowell
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Overland Flow ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Loss Mitigation ◽  
Olsen P ◽  
P Loss ◽  
Steel Manufacturing ◽  
Soluble P ◽  
Current Guidelines ◽  
By Products

A study was conducted of the effectiveness of applying various rates (0–50 g/kg) of fly and bottom ash (<2 mm and 2–4 mm) from a coal-fired power plant, and melter (AP10B and PAP5) and basic (KOBM) slags from a steel-manufacturing plant on mitigating phosphorus (P) loss from a Pallic soil sown to pasture. Measurements were made of soil pH, Olsen P, and H2O-P (as a measure of P loss in overland flow), and soluble P and contaminants (B, As, Cd, Pb, Se) from a weekly leaching regime for 9 weeks. Results shows that H2O-P had decreased up to 40% in soils treated at the greatest rate of melter slag (50 g/kg), and increased in KOBM and fly ash treated soils. The effect on Olsen P relative to H2O-P was much less in metler slag and bottom ash treated soils than soils treated with fly ash or KOBM slag. The fly ash was considered unsuitable for the mitigation of P loss from soils due to B toxicity to plants, while KOBM is also unsuitable due to a liming effect and the increase in soluble P loss. At the rates applied, no treated soil leached toxic metals (As, Cd, Hg, or Se) above current guidelines. In contrast, the incorporation of melter slag and bottom ash is considered an effective P loss mitigation strategy.

scholarly journals Radioactivity of some building and raw materials used in Croatia

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahir Sofilić ◽  
Delko Barišić ◽  
Una Sofilić ◽  
Marija Đuroković
Keyword(s):  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Coal Fly Ash ◽  
Radium Equivalent Activity ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometer ◽  
Activity Concentrations ◽  
Radium Equivalent ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Materials Used

Radioactivity of some building and raw materials used in Croatia In the present study, the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K in some building and raw materials used in Croatia were measured by using a gamma-ray spectrometer with the HPGe detector. The average activity concentrations of the studied different building and raw materials ranged from 11.6 ± 1.7 (concrete) to 251.2 ± 25.7 Bqkg-1 (GBFS), 14.0 ± 2.7 (concrete) to 54.4 ± 8.3 (coal fly ash) and 147.2 ± 19.0 (concrete) to 773.7 ± 82.0 Bqkg-1 (tuff) for 226Ra, 232Th and 40K, respectively. Radium equivalent activity, activity concentration index, absorbed gamma dose rate indoor due to the external exposure and corresponding annual effective dose were determined to estimate the exposure risk arising due to the use of these building and raw materials.

Sintered Artificial Aggregate with New Correction Raw Materials

2015 ◽  
Vol 1124 ◽  
pp. 177-182
Author(s):  
Vit Cerný
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Industrial Wastes ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Waste Water Treatment Plant ◽  
By Products

Combustion of coal creates a high amount of by-products in heat power plants. The largest share occupies fly ash as solid mineral residuals. Global pressure grows currently for the use of energy by-products. Utilization as a raw material for production of artificial sintered aggregate is one of the ways to make optimal use of even low-quality fly ash. Environmental and economic reasons lead currently to trying to upgrade the technology, which will fully use of the principle of self-sintering process based on content of combustible substances.The amount of combustible substances is today increasing by coal as a primary and finite resource. There is also best way for utilization of industrial wastes that contain a suitable share of combustible substances for ensure the smooth running of sintering.The paper deals with laboratory verification of selected industrial wastes as a correction component in the sintered aggregate production technology. As an alternative raw materials were selected coal tailings, sludge from paper industry, sludge from waste water treatment plant and fly ash from municipal waste incineration plant. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of corrective components to the quality of the resulting sintered aggregates.

scholarly journals Aktivitas NORM pada Sedimen Dasar di Perairan PLTU Tanjung Jati Jepara dan Kaitannya dengan Ukuran Butir Sedimen serta TOC

EKSPLORIUM ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Navila Bidasari Alviandini ◽  
Muslim Muslim ◽  
Wahyu Retno Prihatiningsih ◽  
Sri Yulina Wulandari
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Total Organic Carbon ◽  
Bottom Sediments ◽  
Activity Concentration ◽  
Gamma Ray ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Gamma Ray Spectrometry ◽  
Purposive Sampling

ABSTRAKNORM (Naturally Occuring Radioactive Material) merupakan unsur radionuklida yang secara alami sudah ada dalam bumi dan kandungannya dapat meningkat dengan adanya kegiatan industri, seperti PLTU. Kegiatan PLTU menghasilkan bottom ash dan fly ash yang akan terbawa oleh angin kemudian masuk ke perairan dan mengendap pada sedimen dasar perairan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas NORM pada sedimen dasar terkait kegiatan PLTU Tanjung Jati, Jepara dan hubungannya dengan ukuran butir serta TOC (Total Organic Carbon). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan metode purposive sampling. Pengukuran konsentrasi aktivitas NORM dilakukan menggunakan spektrometri sinar gama detektor HPGe, di Laboratorium Radioekologi Kelautan PTKMR-BATAN. Konsentrasi aktivitas NORM yang terdeteksi yaitu 40K berkisar 442,75–818,40 Bq.Kg-1, 232Th berkisar 99,19–212,34 Bq.Kg-1 dan 226Ra berkisar 42,42–77,77 Bq.Kg-1. Aktivitas NORM menunjukkan adanya hubungan dengan tekstur sedimen, tetapi tidak menunjukkan hubungan dengan kandungan Total Organic Carbon (TOC).ABSTRACTNORM (Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material) is a radionuclide element which naturally exists in the earth and its content can increased with the presence of industrial activities, such as the PLTU. The PLTU activities produce fly ash and bottom ash which will be carried away by the wind and then fall in the waters and settle on the bottom sediments of the waters. This study was aimed to determine the activity of NORM in bottom sediments related activities PLTU Tanjung Jati Jepara and its relationship with grain size and TOC (Total Organic Carbon). Sampling was conducted by purposive sampling method. NORM activity concentration measurements performed using gamma ray spectrometry HPGe detector, in Marine Radioecology Laboratory PTKMR-BATAN. NORM activity concentration detected is 40K ranged 442.75 to 818.40 Bq.Kg-1, 232Th ranged 99.19 to 212.34 Bq.Kg-1 and 226Ra ranged 42.42 to 77.77 Bq.Kg-1. NORM activity shows the relationship with sediment texture, but does not show a relationship with the composition of Total Organic Carbon (TOC).

Biomass bottom ash waste and by-products of the acetylene industry as raw materials for unfired bricks

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 102191
Author(s):  
D. Eliche-Quesada ◽  
M.A. Felipe-Sesé ◽  
M.J. Fuentes-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bottom Ash ◽  
By Products

Fundamentals of Geopolymers and Related Alkali Activated Materials

2014 ◽  
Vol 803 ◽  
pp. 144-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Temuujin ◽  
A. Minjigmaa ◽  
U. Bayarzul ◽  
Ts. Zolzaya ◽  
B. Davaabal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Construction Materials ◽  
Materials Chemistry ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Pond Ash ◽  
Sustainable Usage ◽  
By Products ◽  
Alkali Activated

With the increasing rate of depletion of natural raw materials for production of building materials, their sustainable usage is clearly an important topic for consideration. For instance, 1 tonne ordinary Portland cement (OPC) requires 1.7 tonnes of raw materials, 1.0 tonne of coal and 100 kWh of electricity. One tonne of cement emits 0.8 - 1 tonne of CO2 into atmosphere globally contributing ~5% of total manmade carbon dioxide. Therefore, the development of new, sustainable, low carbon footprint construction materials is an important task for materials scientists and civil engineers. One type of binder that is attracting particular attention around the world is alkali-aluminosilicate chemistry based material the so-called geopolymers. In this presentation we will discuss the fundamentals of geopolymer chemistry and the similarities to and differences from conventional alkali activated materials chemistry. Particular attention will be given to our latest results on the preparation of geopolymer type paste and concrete from fly ash. Mechanical activation of fly ash caused a decrease in porosity with a partial amorphisation of the crystalline constituents. Geopolymer type paste prepared from 30 minute milled Darkhan pond ash showed increase in 7 day compressive strengths by 7 times reaching of 15.4 (4.6) MPa. Keywords: Geopolymer binder, alkali-activated materials, coal combustion by products

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