Synapse Elimination in the Central Nervous System: Functional Significance and Cellular Mechanisms

1996 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann M. Lohof ◽  
Nicole Delhaye-Bouchard ◽  
Jean Mariani
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Synapse Elimination ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Incorporation of 5-Bromo-2′-deoxyuridine into DNA and Proliferative Behavior of Cerebellar Neuroblasts: All That Glitters Is Not Gold

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1453
Author(s):  
Joaquín Martí-Clúa
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
System Development ◽  
Nervous System Development ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Repeated Doses ◽  
Pyrimidine Analog

The synthetic halogenated pyrimidine analog, 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU), is a marker of DNA synthesis. This exogenous nucleoside has generated important insights into the cellular mechanisms of the central nervous system development in a variety of animals including insects, birds, and mammals. Despite this, the detrimental effects of the incorporation of BrdU into DNA on proliferation and viability of different types of cells has been frequently neglected. This review will summarize and present the effects of a pulse of BrdU, at doses ranging from 25 to 300 µg/g, or repeated injections. The latter, following the method of the progressively delayed labeling comprehensive procedure. The prenatal and perinatal development of the cerebellum are studied. These current data have implications for the interpretation of the results obtained by this marker as an index of the generation, migration, and settled pattern of neurons in the developing central nervous system. Caution should be exercised when interpreting the results obtained using BrdU. This is particularly important when high or repeated doses of this agent are injected. I hope that this review sheds light on the effects of this toxic maker. It may be used as a reference for toxicologists and neurobiologists given the broad use of 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine to label dividing cells.

scholarly journals Bacopa monnieri: Historical aspects to promising pharmacological actions for the treatment of central nervous system diseases

2022 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-155
Author(s):  
Andreia Fuentes Santos ◽  
◽  
Marilia Moraes Queiroz Souza ◽  
Karoline Bach Pauli ◽  
Gustavo Ratti da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Bacopa Monnieri ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Healthy Elderly ◽  
Pharmacological Studies ◽  
Gastrointestinal Side Effects ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Bacopa monnieri(L.) Wettst. (Plantaginaceae), also known as Brahmi, has been used to improve cognitive processes and intellectual functions that are related to the preservation of memory. The objective of this research is to review the ethnobotanical applications, phytochemical composition, toxicity and activity of B. monnieriin the central nervous system. It reviewed articles on B. monnieriusing Google Scholar, SciELO, Science Direct, Lilacs, Medline, and PubMed. Saponins are the main compounds in extracts of B. monnieri. Pharmacological studies showed that B. monnieriimproves learning and memory and presents biological effects against Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. No preclinical acute toxicity was reported. However, gastrointestinal side effects were reported in some healthy elderly individuals. Most studies with B. monnierihave been preclinical evaluations of cellular mechanisms in the central nervous system and further translational clinical research needs to be performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the plant.

scholarly journals Can the Spinal Cord Learn and Remember?

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre A. Guertin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Animal Data ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Review Reports ◽  
Specialized Region ◽  
The Brain

Learning and memory traditionally have been associated with cellular processes occurring in a specialized region of the brain called the hippocampus. However, recent data have provided strong evidence to suggest that comparable processes are also expressed in the spinal cord. Experiments performed mainly in spinal cord–transected animals have reported that, indeed, spinal-mediated functions, such as the stretch or flexion reflex, pain signaling, micturition, or locomotion, may undergo plasticity changes associated with partial functional recovery that occur spontaneously or conditionally. Many of the underlying cellular mechanisms strikingly resemble those found in the hippocampus. This mini-review reports, mainly, animal data that support the idea that other areas of the central nervous system, such as the spinal cord, can also learn and remember.

scholarly journals Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms Underlying Somatostatin-Based Signaling in Two Model Neural Networks, the Retina and the Hippocampus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (10) ◽  
pp. 2506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurizio Cammalleri ◽  
Paola Bagnoli ◽  
Albertino Bigiani
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Widespread Occurrence ◽  
Neural Inhibition ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Available Information

Neural inhibition plays a key role in determining the specific computational tasks of different brain circuitries. This functional “braking” activity is provided by inhibitory interneurons that use different neurochemicals for signaling. One of these substances, somatostatin, is found in several neural networks, raising questions about the significance of its widespread occurrence and usage. Here, we address this issue by analyzing the somatostatinergic system in two regions of the central nervous system: the retina and the hippocampus. By comparing the available information on these structures, we identify common motifs in the action of somatostatin that may explain its involvement in such diverse circuitries. The emerging concept is that somatostatin-based signaling, through conserved molecular and cellular mechanisms, allows neural networks to operate correctly.

Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying anti-neuronal antibody mediated disorders of the central nervous system

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.H. van Coevorden-Hameete ◽  
E. de Graaff ◽  
M.J. Titulaer ◽  
C.C. Hoogenraad ◽  
P.A.E. Sillevis Smitt
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Neuronal sensitivity to hyperoxia, hypercapnia, and inert gases at hyperbaric pressures

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 883-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay B. Dean ◽  
Daniel K. Mulkey ◽  
Alfredo J. Garcia ◽  
Robert W. Putnam ◽  
Richard A. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ambient Pressure ◽  
Inert Gases ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Cellular Mechanisms ◽  
Electrophysiological Studies ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Electrophysiological Methods

As ambient pressure increases, hydrostatic compression of the central nervous system, combined with increasing levels of inspired Po2, Pco2, and N2partial pressure, has deleterious effects on neuronal function, resulting in O2toxicity, CO2toxicity, N2narcosis, and high-pressure nervous syndrome. The cellular mechanisms responsible for each disorder have been difficult to study by using classic in vitro electrophysiological methods, due to the physical barrier imposed by the sealed pressure chamber and mechanical disturbances during tissue compression. Improved chamber designs and methods have made such experiments feasible in mammalian neurons, especially at ambient pressures <5 atmospheres absolute (ATA). Here we summarize these methods, the physiologically relevant test pressures, potential research applications, and results of previous research, focusing on the significance of electrophysiological studies at <5 ATA. Intracellular recordings and tissue Po2measurements in slices of rat brain demonstrate how to differentiate the neuronal effects of increased gas pressures from pressure per se. Examples also highlight the use of hyperoxia (≤3 ATA O2) as a model for studying the cellular mechanisms of oxidative stress in the mammalian central nervous system.

A veni-venomotor response to local congestion

1963 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 593-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Wallis ◽  
Robert Brenman ◽  
Carl R. Honig
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Venous Segment

Using the occluded venous segment technique a venoconstrictor response to local congestion was demonstrated in human limbs. Though the response appears to be dependent upon nerves, it may or may not involve the central nervous system. Results are discussed in terms of the mechanism and functional significance of the local vascular ℌreflex.ℍ Submitted on December 6, 1962

scholarly journals CDC50A dependent phosphatidylserine exposure induces inhibitory post-synapse elimination by microglia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungjoo Park ◽  
Eunji Jung ◽  
Seung-Hee Lee ◽  
Won-Suk Chung
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Knockout Mice ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Conditional Knockout ◽  
Synapse Elimination ◽  
Specific Loss ◽  
Microglial Phagocytosis ◽  
Phosphatidylserine Exposure ◽  
The Central Nervous System

AbstractGlia contribute to synapse elimination through phagocytosis in the central nervous system. Despite important roles during development and neurological disorders, the “eat-me” signal that initiates glia-mediated phagocytosis of synapses remains largely elusive. Here, by generating inducible conditional knockout mice of Cdc50a, we induced stable exposure of phosphatidylserine in the neuronal outer membrane. Surprisingly, acute Cdc50a deletion in neurons causes specific loss of inhibitory post-synapses without affecting other synapses, thereby generating excessive excitability with appearance of seizure. Ablating microglia or deleting microglial Mertk rescues the loss of inhibitory post-synapses, indicating that microglial phagocytosis is responsible for inhibitory post-synapse elimination. Moreover, inhibitory post-synapses in normal juvenile brains also use phosphatidylserine for synapse pruning by microglia, suggesting that phosphatidylserine may serve as a general “eat-me” signal for inhibitory post-synapse elimination.One Sentence SummaryCdc50a dependent phosphatidylserine exposure functions as an “eat-me” signal for microglia-dependent inhibitory post-synapse elimination

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