Dielectric properties of various polymers (PVC, EVA, HDPE, and PP) reinforced with ground tire rubber (GTR)

AbstractMass production of tires as well as its difficult storage or elimination is a real environmental problem. Various methods for recycling tires are currently used, such as mechanical crushing, which puts vulcanized rubber, steel, and fibers apart. The rubber may be used in several industrial applications such as flooring, insulations, and footwear. The present paper focuses on finding a new application for old used tires [ground tire rubber (GTR)]. To this end, tires dust has been mixed with various thermoplastic polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and polypropylene (PP). We have checked the maximum GTR concentration values admitted by these compounds while keeping dielectric properties within acceptable values and therefore remaining suitable for industrial applications in the manufacturing of insulators for electrical wires. In particular, tires dust with particles size p<200 μm has been mixed with the polymers in four different GTR concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% to establish its performance through dielectric tests performed within a range of temperatures from 30°C to 120°C, and with frequencies from 1×10-2 to 3×106 Hz, and analyzing conductivity, permittivity, dielectric loss factor, and relaxations. At last, the fracture surfaces of the composite samples have been evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Comparison of Mechanical and Electrical Characteristics of Various Polymers Blended with Ground Tire Rubber (GTR) and Applications

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app9081564 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (8) ◽

pp. 1564 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marc Marín-Genescà ◽

Jordi García-Amorós ◽

Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽

Xavier Salueña Berna ◽

Lluís Massagués Vidal

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Polymer Matrix ◽

Environmental Problem ◽

Electrical Characteristics ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber ◽

Polymeric Matrices ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Mechanical Crushing ◽

Dielectric And Mechanical Properties

The massive manufacture of tires and the difficulty of reducing the stocks of used tires is a serious environmental problem. There are several methods used for recycling wasted tires, one of which is mechanical crushing, in which vulcanized rubber is separated from steel and fibers, resulting in a ground tire rubber (GTR). This can be used in applications such as insulation for footwear work. The aim of the present investigation is to evaluate the use of the GTR when it is mixed with several types of polymer matrix by means of measuring its dielectric and mechanical properties of the resulting composites (polymer + GTR). The analysis is carried out using seven polymeric matrices mixed with different GTR concentrations. With the present study, it is intended to propose a way to reuse the tires out of use as an industrial work footwear insulation, by demonstrating the feasibility of the properties analyzed.

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Study and Characterization of the Dielectric Behavior of Low Linear Density Polyethylene Composites Mixed with Ground Tire Rubber Particles

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym12051075 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1075 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Marc Marín-Genescà ◽

Jordi García-Amorós ◽

Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽

Lluís Massagués ◽

Xavier Colom

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

Dielectric Behavior ◽

Electrical Cable ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Compound Material ◽

Useful Life

The waste rubber vulcanizate, on account of its stable, cross-linked and three-dimensional structural arrangement, is difficult to biodegrade. Thus, the ever-increasing bulk of worn-out tires is a serious environmental issue and its safe disposal is still a challenging task reported widely by the scientific community. The rubber materials, once they end their useful life, may present difficulties to be reused or recycled. At present, only one tire recycling method is used, which involves grinding and separating steel and fibers from vulcanized rubber, and then using rubber for industrial applications, such as flooring, insulation, footwear. In this paper, a new compound material is presented from a base of reused tire powder (Ground Tire Rubber: GTR) as a mixer and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) as a matrix. The reused tire powder, resulting from grinding industrial processes, is separated by sieving into just one category of particle size (<200 μm) and mixed with the LLDPE in different amounts (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50% and 70% GTR). Due to the good electrical properties of the LLDPE, this study’s focus is settled on the electrical behavior of the obtained composites. The test of the dielectric behavior is carried out by means of DEA test (Dynamic Electric Analysis), undertaken at a range of temperatures varying from 30 to 120 °C, and with a range of frequencies from 1 to 102, to 3·106 Hz, from which permittivity, conductivity, dielectric constant and electric modulus have been obtained. From these experimental results and their analysis, it can be drawn that the additions of different quantities of GTR to LLDPE could be used as industrial applications, such as universal electrical cable joint, filler for electrical applications or cable tray systems and cable ladder system.

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Ground Tire Rubber Recycling in Applications as Insulators in Polymeric Compounds, According to Spanish UNE Standards

Recycling ◽

10.3390/recycling5030016 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

Marc Marín-Genescà ◽

Jordi García-Amorós ◽

Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽

Lluís Massagués Vidal ◽

Jordi Bordes Arroyo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Polymer Blends ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Industrial Applications ◽

International Electrotechnical Commission ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber ◽

Polymeric Blends ◽

Standard Values

In the present research, we investigated the conceivable outcomes of using ground tire rubber (GTR) particle polymeric blends. Special methods of restoring tires that are no longer in use include GTR retreading, GTR blending destined for recycling to attain raw substances utilized in other industrial application production processes, and the valorization of GTR for power/energy generation. The recycling of end-of-life tires enables the recovery of rubber, steel, and fibers, all of which are valid on the market as raw materials to be used for other processes. There are methods to recycle GTRs in a clean and environmentally friendly way. In the present research, several industrial applications of GTR polymer blends were developed and compared with standard values from the Spanish Association for Standardization (UNE) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In order to analyze the viability in many of the industrial applications selected, certain compounds obtained from the GTR polymer blends were analyzed regarding their use in nine low requirement insulator applications. The research and analysis developed in this manuscript used standard values from the UNE and IEC, and these standard values were compared with the test values. The obtained results were used to provide an application list that could be helpful for industrial applications. In this research, the pre-owned polymers were as follows: polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene (ABS), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyamide (PA). The filler used was GTR with particle sizes lower than 200 microns. The amounts of GTR particles in the compound materials were 0% (raw polymer), 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 70% (the latter being found in polymeric blends). We discovered six plausible modern applications of GTR polymer blends as indicated by the UNE and IEC standards.

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Dielectric and mechanical characterization of PVC composites with ground tire rubber

Journal of Composite Materials ◽

10.1177/0021998310380289 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 45 (11) ◽

pp. 1233-1243 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

J. Orrit-Prat ◽

R. Mujal-Rosas ◽

A. Rahhali ◽

M. Marin-Genesca ◽

X. Colom-Fajula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analyses ◽

Mechanical Analysis ◽

Mechanical Tests ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber ◽

Elongation At Break ◽

Vulcanized Rubber ◽

Mechanical Crushing ◽

Do So

The mass manufacture of tires and the difficulty for their elimination or storage constitutes a serious environmental problem. At present, several methods for the recycling of tires are used, such as mechanical crushing, in which the steel vulcanized rubber and the fibers are separated; this rubber is being used in numerous applications like pavements, insulators, footwear, etc. This study proposes a second option for obsolete tires, demonstrating their utility as dielectrics. In order to do so, ground tire rubber (GTR) has been combined with polyvinyl chloride (PVC), to obtain a composite of a polymeric matrix reinforced with GTR. In order to determine the behavior of this composite material, the electrical and mechanical tests are presented as well as, more briefly, microstructure and thermal analyses, undertaken for the various mixtures of PVC with GTR (concentrations of 0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 70% GTR), and three GTR particle size categories (<200 μm, 200—500 μm, and >500 μm), in a range of temperatures that varied from 30° C to 130° C, and with frequencies from between 1 × 10-2 Hz and 3 × 106 Hz. The dielectric tests have allowed for an analysis of dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor, dielectric modulus, etc. On the other hand, the mechanical analysis has involved the Young’s modulus, tensile strength, elongation at break, and toughness. Mechanical and dielectric results point out that below 20% of GTR the material features for mechanical or electrical applications are not significantly altered.

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Crosslinking Kinetics of Blends of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Ground Tire Rubber

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics ◽

10.1177/0095244308095015 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 175-189 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

O. Bianchi ◽

R. Fiorio ◽

J.N. Martins ◽

A.J. Zattera ◽

C.H. Scuracchio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber ◽

Kinetics Of

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Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13204669 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 4669

Author(s):

Łukasz Zedler ◽

Paulina Burger ◽

Shifeng Wang ◽

Krzysztof Formela

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Volatile Organic Compounds ◽

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber ◽

Volatile Organic ◽

Acetate Copolymer ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

Ground tire rubber (GTR) was reclaimed and modified with 10 phr of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer via low-temperature extrusion process. Processing, physico-mechanical properties, volatile organic compounds emission, and recycling possibility were investigated. In order to better understand the impact of used modifiers, their efficiency was compared with trans-polyoctenamer, which is an additive that is commercially dedicated to waste rubber recycling. The results showed that a relatively small amount of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer improves the mechanical properties of modified reclaimed GTR and also allows further recycling by multiple processing without the deterioration of performance after three cycles.

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Study on dielectric, thermal, and mechanical properties of the ethylene vinyl acetate reinforced with ground tire rubber

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites ◽

10.1177/0731684411399135 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 30 (7) ◽

pp. 581-592 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

R. Mujal-Rosas ◽

J. Orrit-Prat ◽

X. Ramis-Juan ◽

M. Marin-Genesca ◽

Ahmed Rahhali

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Thermal And Mechanical Properties ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber

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Processing, Performance Properties, and Storage Stability of Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Dicumyl Peroxide and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13224014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (22) ◽

pp. 4014

Author(s):

Paulina Wiśniewska ◽

Łukasz Zedler ◽

Krzysztof Formela

Keyword(s):

Gas Chromatography ◽

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Storage Stability ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽

Dicumyl Peroxide ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber ◽

Performance Properties ◽

And Storage

In this paper, ground tire rubber was modified with dicumyl peroxide and a variable content (in the range of 0–15 phr) of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers characterized by different vinyl acetate contents (in the range of 18–39 wt.%). Modification of ground tire rubber was performed via an auto-thermal extrusion process in which heat was generated during internal shearing of the material inside the extruder barrel. The processing, performance properties, and storage stability of modified reclaimed ground tire rubber were evaluated based on specific mechanical energy, infrared camera images, an oscillating disc rheometer, tensile tests, equilibrium swelling, gas chromatography combined with a flame ionization detector, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. It was found that the developed formulas of modified GTR allowed the preparation of materials characterized by tensile strengths in the range of 2.6–9.3 MPa and elongation at break in the range of 78–225%. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good storage stability for at least three months and satisfied processability with commercial rubbers (natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber).

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Polymer Foams Based on Low Density Polyethylene/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Ground Tire Rubber (LDPE/EVA/GTR): Influence of the GTR Particle Size and Content on the Cellular Morphology and Density of the Final Foamed Compounds

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.779.64 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 779 ◽

pp. 64-70

Author(s):

Florentino Soriano-Corral ◽

José F. Hernández-Gámez ◽

Lyndon H. I. Durón-Sánchez ◽

Luis Francisco Ramos de Valle ◽

Myriam Lozano-Estrada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Cell Size ◽

Vinyl Acetate ◽

Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽

Low Density Polyethylene ◽

Low Density ◽

Cell Size Distribution ◽

Tire Rubber ◽

Ground Tire Rubber

Addition of different contents of ground tire rubber (GTR) of different particles size in crosslinked-foamed compounds based on low density polyethylene (LDPE)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) was studied. Compounds were made by melt mixing in an internal mixer at 100°C and 60 rpm. Trigonox 145-45B as crosslinking agent, azodicarbonamide (ADC) as chemical blowing agent (CBA) and ZnO/SiO2as foaming co-agents, were used. GTR of 149, 74, and 44 μm particle size was incorporated as “cell nucleating agent”, each particle size at 5, 10, and 20 phr. Morphological parameters such as average cell size (d), cell size distribution and cellular density (NC) were evaluated from images acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained from the SEM characterization show a significant reduction ofd, a significance increment onNC, up to 5.81*105to 3.62*107cells/cm3and a better homogenization of the cell size distribution in the foamed compounds with high GTR contents of the smaller particle size.

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