scholarly journals Ground Tire Rubber Recycling in Applications as Insulators in Polymeric Compounds, According to Spanish UNE Standards

Recycling ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 16
Author(s):  
Marc Marín-Genescà ◽  
Jordi García-Amorós ◽  
Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽  
Lluís Massagués Vidal ◽  
Jordi Bordes Arroyo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Blends ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
International Electrotechnical Commission ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Polymeric Blends ◽  
Standard Values

In the present research, we investigated the conceivable outcomes of using ground tire rubber (GTR) particle polymeric blends. Special methods of restoring tires that are no longer in use include GTR retreading, GTR blending destined for recycling to attain raw substances utilized in other industrial application production processes, and the valorization of GTR for power/energy generation. The recycling of end-of-life tires enables the recovery of rubber, steel, and fibers, all of which are valid on the market as raw materials to be used for other processes. There are methods to recycle GTRs in a clean and environmentally friendly way. In the present research, several industrial applications of GTR polymer blends were developed and compared with standard values from the Spanish Association for Standardization (UNE) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). In order to analyze the viability in many of the industrial applications selected, certain compounds obtained from the GTR polymer blends were analyzed regarding their use in nine low requirement insulator applications. The research and analysis developed in this manuscript used standard values from the UNE and IEC, and these standard values were compared with the test values. The obtained results were used to provide an application list that could be helpful for industrial applications. In this research, the pre-owned polymers were as follows: polypropylene (PP), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polystyrene (PS), acrylonitrile butadiene-styrene (ABS), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polyamide (PA). The filler used was GTR with particle sizes lower than 200 microns. The amounts of GTR particles in the compound materials were 0% (raw polymer), 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50%, and 70% (the latter being found in polymeric blends). We discovered six plausible modern applications of GTR polymer blends as indicated by the UNE and IEC standards.

Dielectric properties of various polymers (PVC, EVA, HDPE, and PP) reinforced with ground tire rubber (GTR)

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽  
Marc Marin-Genesca ◽  
Jordi Ballart-Prunell
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Mechanical Crushing ◽  
Composite Samples

AbstractMass production of tires as well as its difficult storage or elimination is a real environmental problem. Various methods for recycling tires are currently used, such as mechanical crushing, which puts vulcanized rubber, steel, and fibers apart. The rubber may be used in several industrial applications such as flooring, insulations, and footwear. The present paper focuses on finding a new application for old used tires [ground tire rubber (GTR)]. To this end, tires dust has been mixed with various thermoplastic polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC), high-density polyethylene (HDPE), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), and polypropylene (PP). We have checked the maximum GTR concentration values admitted by these compounds while keeping dielectric properties within acceptable values and therefore remaining suitable for industrial applications in the manufacturing of insulators for electrical wires. In particular, tires dust with particles size p<200 μm has been mixed with the polymers in four different GTR concentrations of 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% to establish its performance through dielectric tests performed within a range of temperatures from 30°C to 120°C, and with frequencies from 1×10-2 to 3×106 Hz, and analyzing conductivity, permittivity, dielectric loss factor, and relaxations. At last, the fracture surfaces of the composite samples have been evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

scholarly journals Recycling Waste Tires into Ground Tire Rubber (GTR)/Rubber Compounds: A Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Fazli ◽  
Denis Rodrigue
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Swelling Properties ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Waste Tires ◽  
Chemical Surface ◽  
Rubber Compounds

Recycling and recovery of waste tires is a serious environmental problem since vulcanized rubbers require several years to degrade naturally and remain for long periods of time in the environment. This is associated to a complex three dimensional (3D) crosslinked structure and the presence of a high number of different additives inside a tire formulation. Most end-of-life tires are discarded as waste in landfills taking space or incinerated for energy recovery, especially for highly degraded rubber wastes. All these options are no longer acceptable for the environment and circular economy. However, a great deal of progress has been made on the sustainability of waste tires via recycling as this material has high potential being a source of valuable raw materials. Extensive researches were performed on using these end-of-life tires as fillers in civil engineering applications (concrete and asphalt), as well as blending with polymeric matrices (thermoplastics, thermosets or virgin rubber). Several grinding technologies, such as ambient, wet or cryogenic processes, are widely used for downsizing waste tires and converting them into ground tire rubber (GTR) with a larger specific surface area. Here, a focus is made on the use of GTR as a partial replacement in virgin rubber compounds. The paper also presents a review of the possible physical and chemical surface treatments to improve the GTR adhesion and interaction with different matrices, including rubber regeneration processes such as thermomechanical, microwave, ultrasonic and thermochemical producing regenerated tire rubber (RTR). This review also includes a detailed discussion on the effect of GTR/RTR particle size, concentration and crosslinking level on the curing, rheological, mechanical, aging, thermal, dynamic mechanical and swelling properties of rubber compounds. Finally, a conclusion on the current situation is provided with openings for future works.

scholarly journals Study and Characterization of the Dielectric Behavior of Low Linear Density Polyethylene Composites Mixed with Ground Tire Rubber Particles

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 1075 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Marín-Genescà ◽  
Jordi García-Amorós ◽  
Ramon Mujal-Rosas ◽  
Lluís Massagués ◽  
Xavier Colom
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Dielectric Behavior ◽  
Electrical Cable ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Vulcanized Rubber ◽  
Compound Material ◽  
Useful Life

The waste rubber vulcanizate, on account of its stable, cross-linked and three-dimensional structural arrangement, is difficult to biodegrade. Thus, the ever-increasing bulk of worn-out tires is a serious environmental issue and its safe disposal is still a challenging task reported widely by the scientific community. The rubber materials, once they end their useful life, may present difficulties to be reused or recycled. At present, only one tire recycling method is used, which involves grinding and separating steel and fibers from vulcanized rubber, and then using rubber for industrial applications, such as flooring, insulation, footwear. In this paper, a new compound material is presented from a base of reused tire powder (Ground Tire Rubber: GTR) as a mixer and linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) as a matrix. The reused tire powder, resulting from grinding industrial processes, is separated by sieving into just one category of particle size (<200 μm) and mixed with the LLDPE in different amounts (0%, 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 50% and 70% GTR). Due to the good electrical properties of the LLDPE, this study’s focus is settled on the electrical behavior of the obtained composites. The test of the dielectric behavior is carried out by means of DEA test (Dynamic Electric Analysis), undertaken at a range of temperatures varying from 30 to 120 °C, and with a range of frequencies from 1 to 102, to 3·106 Hz, from which permittivity, conductivity, dielectric constant and electric modulus have been obtained. From these experimental results and their analysis, it can be drawn that the additions of different quantities of GTR to LLDPE could be used as industrial applications, such as universal electrical cable joint, filler for electrical applications or cable tray systems and cable ladder system.

Crosslinking Kinetics of Blends of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate and Ground Tire Rubber

2009 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Bianchi ◽  
R. Fiorio ◽  
J.N. Martins ◽  
A.J. Zattera ◽  
C.H. Scuracchio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Kinetics Of

scholarly journals Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymer: Processing, Physico-Mechanical Properties, Volatile Organic Compounds Emission and Recycling Possibility

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4669
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Paulina Burger ◽  
Shifeng Wang ◽  
Krzysztof Formela
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Volatile Organic Compounds ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
Acetate Copolymer ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

Ground tire rubber (GTR) was reclaimed and modified with 10 phr of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer via low-temperature extrusion process. Processing, physico-mechanical properties, volatile organic compounds emission, and recycling possibility were investigated. In order to better understand the impact of used modifiers, their efficiency was compared with trans-polyoctenamer, which is an additive that is commercially dedicated to waste rubber recycling. The results showed that a relatively small amount of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer improves the mechanical properties of modified reclaimed GTR and also allows further recycling by multiple processing without the deterioration of performance after three cycles.

scholarly journals Processing, Performance Properties, and Storage Stability of Ground Tire Rubber Modified by Dicumyl Peroxide and Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 4014
Author(s):  
Paulina Wiśniewska ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Krzysztof Formela
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Storage Stability ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Styrene Butadiene Rubber ◽  
Dicumyl Peroxide ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Performance Properties ◽  
And Storage

In this paper, ground tire rubber was modified with dicumyl peroxide and a variable content (in the range of 0–15 phr) of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers characterized by different vinyl acetate contents (in the range of 18–39 wt.%). Modification of ground tire rubber was performed via an auto-thermal extrusion process in which heat was generated during internal shearing of the material inside the extruder barrel. The processing, performance properties, and storage stability of modified reclaimed ground tire rubber were evaluated based on specific mechanical energy, infrared camera images, an oscillating disc rheometer, tensile tests, equilibrium swelling, gas chromatography combined with a flame ionization detector, and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. It was found that the developed formulas of modified GTR allowed the preparation of materials characterized by tensile strengths in the range of 2.6–9.3 MPa and elongation at break in the range of 78–225%. Moreover, the prepared materials showed good storage stability for at least three months and satisfied processability with commercial rubbers (natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber).

Polymer Foams Based on Low Density Polyethylene/Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Ground Tire Rubber (LDPE/EVA/GTR): Influence of the GTR Particle Size and Content on the Cellular Morphology and Density of the Final Foamed Compounds

2018 ◽  
Vol 779 ◽  
pp. 64-70
Author(s):  
Florentino Soriano-Corral ◽  
José F. Hernández-Gámez ◽  
Lyndon H. I. Durón-Sánchez ◽  
Luis Francisco Ramos de Valle ◽  
Myriam Lozano-Estrada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Size Distribution ◽  
Cell Size ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Cell Size Distribution ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber

Addition of different contents of ground tire rubber (GTR) of different particles size in crosslinked-foamed compounds based on low density polyethylene (LDPE)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) was studied. Compounds were made by melt mixing in an internal mixer at 100°C and 60 rpm. Trigonox 145-45B as crosslinking agent, azodicarbonamide (ADC) as chemical blowing agent (CBA) and ZnO/SiO2as foaming co-agents, were used. GTR of 149, 74, and 44 μm particle size was incorporated as “cell nucleating agent”, each particle size at 5, 10, and 20 phr. Morphological parameters such as average cell size (d), cell size distribution and cellular density (NC) were evaluated from images acquired by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results obtained from the SEM characterization show a significant reduction ofd, a significance increment onNC, up to 5.81*105to 3.62*107cells/cm3and a better homogenization of the cell size distribution in the foamed compounds with high GTR contents of the smaller particle size.

scholarly journals Ground Tire Rubber Filled Flexible Polyurethane Foam—Effect of Waste Rubber Treatment on Composite Performance

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 3807
Author(s):  
Paulina Kosmela ◽  
Adam Olszewski ◽  
Łukasz Zedler ◽  
Paulina Burger ◽  
Adam Piasecki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Mechanical Performance ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reactive Extrusion ◽  
Waste Oil ◽  
Tire Rubber ◽  
Average Cell ◽  
Ground Tire Rubber ◽  
Application Range ◽  
Flexible Polyurethane

The application range of flexible polyurethane (PU) foams is comprehensive because of their versatility and flexibility in adjusting structure and performance. In addition to the investigations associated with further broadening of their potential properties, researchers are looking for new raw materials, beneficially originated from renewable resources or recycling. A great example of such a material is ground tire rubber (GTR)—the product of the material recycling of post-consumer car tires. To fully exploit the benefits of this material, it should be modified to enhance the interfacial interactions between PU and GTR. In the presented work, GTR particles were thermo-mechanically modified with the addition of fresh and waste rapeseed oil in the reactive extrusion process. The introduction of modified GTR particles into a flexible PU matrix caused a beneficial 17–28% decrease in average cell diameters. Such an effect caused an even 5% drop in thermal conductivity coefficient values, enhancing thermal insulation performance. The application of waste oil resulted in the superior mechanical performance of composites compared to the fresh one and thermo-mechanical modification without oils. The compressive and tensile performance of composites filled with waste oil-modified GTR was almost the same as for the unfilled foam. Moreover, the introduction of ground tire rubber particles enhanced the thermal stability of neat polyurethane foam.

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