Palatal East Meets Velar West: Dialect Contact and Phonological Accommodation in Judeo-Spanish

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rey Romero
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Lexical Items

AbstractA key phonological divergence between the varieties of Spanish in Latin America and Spain (labeled here as Western Spanish) and the Judeo-Spanish varieties spoken in the Ottoman Empire and Eastern Mediterranean is the preservation in the latter dialects of the Old Spanish palatals [ʃ], [ʒ], and [dʒ]. In Western Spanish, these palatals evolved into the velar [x]. Increased dialectal contact between these two communities, globalization, immigration, and socioeconomic incentives have resulted in the replacement of [ʃ], [ʒ], and [dʒ] with [x] among the Judeo-Spanish community in Istanbul. I demonstrate that accommodation to [x] can be best described as lexical borrowing, as it only occurs in those palatals that have a [x] equivalent in Western Spanish and in some lexical items more than others. I also analyze the language attitudes and modern sources of dialectal contact that motivate the accommodation to Western Spanish forms in the Judeo-Spanish community in Istanbul.

scholarly journals The Effect of Perceptions: Instructor–Student Dynamics in the Spanish Heritage Classroom

Languages ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Patricia González Darriba ◽  
Benjamin Kinsella ◽  
Crystal Marull ◽  
Nathan Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Learning Spaces ◽  
Heritage Speakers ◽  
Learning Space ◽  
Classroom Dynamics ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
University Courses ◽  
The Us ◽  
Attitudes And Perceptions

The rising population of heritage speakers (HS) in university courses in the US has increased the need for instructors who understand the linguistic, social, and cultural profiles of their students. Recent research has discussed the need for specialized courses and their differentiation from second-language (L2) classes, as well as the intersection between HS and language attitudes. However, prior studies have not examined HS students’ language attitudes toward the sociolinguistic background of the instructors and their effect on classroom interactions. Therefore, this study explores HS students’ overall language attitudes and perceptions of their instructors’ sociolinguistic background. In a survey, HS university students (N = 92) across the US assessed four instructor profiles along five dimensions. Results showed that students rated more favorably instructors born and raised in Latin America, followed by those from Spain. Furthermore, HS favored these two profiles over HS or L2 profiles as their course instructors. However, preferences were less marked in the online context. These findings demonstrate that to design supportive learning spaces with—rather than for—HS students, programs must first acknowledge how classroom dynamics are shaped by the perspectives brought into the learning space and by the context of the learning space itself.

Restrictions of access to pesticides in suicide prevention

2021 ◽  
pp. 713-718
Author(s):  
Michael R. Phillips ◽  
David Gunnell
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Suicide Prevention ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Organophosphate Pesticides ◽  
High Toxicity ◽  
Suicide Rates ◽  
Intentional Ingestion ◽  
Methods Of Suicide ◽  
The Western Pacific

Intentional pesticide ingestion is a common method of suicide, accounting for up to one-fifth of all suicides worldwide. The importance of intentional ingestion of pesticides was initially recognized in Asia and the Western Pacific but it is also a problem in Latin America, the Eastern Mediterranean, and in Africa. Organophosphate pesticides are responsible for a large proportion of pesticide self-poisonings and for the majority of deaths from pesticide ingestion. Limiting access to pesticides could substantially reduce the global burden of mortality due to suicide. Despite initial enthusiasm for restricting access to pesticides by promoting safe storage of these compounds, the definitive study on this method in Sri Lanka did not find a significant reduction in suicide rates. There is, however, growing evidence that national or regional bans on high toxicity pesticides lead to falls in pesticide-ingestion suicide rates, and overall, suicide rates without substantial substitution of other methods of suicide.

Agriculture and Rural Life in the Ottoman Empire (ca 1500-1878)

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 3-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraiya Faroqhi
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Time Limits ◽  
Starting Point

When introducing this survey, it is necessary to say a word of justification about the time limits adopted. The year 1500 has been selected as an approximate starting point, because only during the reign of Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512) do Ottoman tax registers become frequent enough to allow even approximate conclusions with respect to agricultural production. However when dealing with certain regions of the Empire, we need to adopt an even later starting point. After all, part of this paper deals with ‘Syria’ in the broad sense of the word, that is, the region bordering the eastern Mediterranean between Anatolia and Egypt; and this area was only conquered by the Ottomans in 1516. As to Tunisia, to which the present paper will also refer, this country only became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1533 or 1570.

Gust J. (Dino) Pappas (1931–1999)

2018 ◽  
pp. 415-420
Author(s):  
Stavros K. Frangos
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Musical Traditions ◽  
Of Greece

From 1940 onwards, Greek American Dino Pappas passionately collected ethnic commercial records and in so doing, acquired encyclopedic knowledge about the complex musical traditions of Greece, the Balkans, the Ottoman Empire, and the eastern Mediterranean. With over 10,000 78 rpm records (and other musical formats), he amassed what many believed to have been the largest such collection of its. During the last three decades of his life, Pappas’s role transformed from record collector and music aficionado to public speaker, record producer, and, musical authority.

1916–1918

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-108
Author(s):  
Daniel-Joseph MacArthur-Seal
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
World War ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
The First World War ◽  
Gallipoli Peninsula ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The sub-chapter outlines the development of the First World War in the eastern Mediterranean from the evacuation of the Gallipoli peninsula to the signing of the Armistice of Moudros that took the Ottoman Empire out of the war. It examines how the growing Allied presence at Salonica instigated an uprising in the city that later took power at the Greek capital with British and French support. It assesses the impact of the Russian revolution on the Caucasus front, which led the Ottoman Empire, Britain, and local groups into a scramble for control of key towns and infrastructure. It then summarises how progress on the Palestine front, in conjunction with support for an uprising in the Hejaz, and a breakthrough in Macedonia forced the Ottoman Empire to sue for peace.

The Underdevelopment of Development Literature: The Case of Dependency Theory

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony Smith
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
World War I ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Academic Writing ◽  
International System ◽  
Dependency Theory ◽  
World War ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Development Literature

As a vehicle for the growing association of southern nationalists and Marxists, dependency theory is an important part of the history of our times, something much more than a school of academic writing. Whatever the varieties of analysis existing within this school (and there are many), a major historiographie shortcoming is common to most of its literature: having grasped the Hegelian insight that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, dependencistas exaggerate the point, making the mistake of refusing any autonomy, any specificity to the parts (southern countries) independently of their membership in the whole (the imperialist system established by the North). A better approach to the study of the place of the South in the international system is to emphasize the variety of state structures present there with their different abilities to mobilize forces internally and translate this into international rank. Southern advances are more substantial than many realize; the essay concludes that southerners should pay more attention to the real room for initiative and maneuver they have, but which dependency theory systematically overlooks. Most of the illustrative examples concern India, the Ottoman Empire, and Latin America before World War I.

The Conquering Balkan Orthodox Merchant

1960 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Traian Stoianovich
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Balkans ◽  
Aegean Islands ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Business Concentration

The origins of a Balkan Orthodox merchant class or classes may be traced back to the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Not until the eighteenth century, however, did it become sufficiently strong in wealth and number to capture the trade of Hungary, South Russia, and the eastern Mediterranean. The eighteenth century was a time of expansion of French, German, English, and Russian trade in the Balkans. It was also a time of growth of the trade of Moslem Albanian and Bosnian merchants. But, in terms of its significance to the cultural, political, and general historical evolution of the Balkan peoples, most important of all was the expansion of the Balkan Orthodox merchant: the Greek trader of Constantinople, Salonika, and Smyrna, the Greek and Orthodox Albanian merchant, sailor, and shipper of the smaller Aegean islands, the Greek, Vlach, and Macedo-Slav muleteer and forwarding agent of Epirus, Thessaly, and Macedonia, the Serbian pig-merchant of Šumadija, the “Illyrian” muleteer and forwarding agent of Herzegovina and Dalmatia, who set up business in Ragusa (Dubrovnik) or Trieste, the “Rascian” of Pannonia, and the Greek or Bulgarian of the eastern Rhodope. The Balkan Orthodox merchants were Ottoman, Habsburg, and Russian subjects, but their principal business was to bring goods into or out of the Ottoman Empire. The area of their primary business concentration stretched north and west of the political limits of the Ottoman Empire to Nezhin in South Russia, Leipzig in Germany, Vienna in Austria, and Livorno and Naples in Italy. In western Europe, they succeeded in creating an area of secondary commercial penetration.

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