Agriculture and Rural Life in the Ottoman Empire (ca 1500-1878)

1987 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 3-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suraiya Faroqhi
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Time Limits ◽  
Starting Point

When introducing this survey, it is necessary to say a word of justification about the time limits adopted. The year 1500 has been selected as an approximate starting point, because only during the reign of Sultan Bayezid II (1481-1512) do Ottoman tax registers become frequent enough to allow even approximate conclusions with respect to agricultural production. However when dealing with certain regions of the Empire, we need to adopt an even later starting point. After all, part of this paper deals with ‘Syria’ in the broad sense of the word, that is, the region bordering the eastern Mediterranean between Anatolia and Egypt; and this area was only conquered by the Ottomans in 1516. As to Tunisia, to which the present paper will also refer, this country only became part of the Ottoman Empire in 1533 or 1570.

Tra ruralizzazione ed urbanizzazione: progetti integrati cittŕ-campagna

TERRITORIO ◽  
2009 ◽  
pp. 171-177
Author(s):  
Alessandra Giannini
Keyword(s):  
Urban Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Rural Living ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Country Life ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

- Country life is (and has been) the object of utopian visions, set against the rise of urban living. The paradigms of the myth of rural life can be traced back to Howard's Garden City and to Frank Lloyd Wright's Broadacre City. These examples of the paradigm blend into a broader and trans-disciplinary contemporary discourse on the myth of rural living. Since the end of the 1990s, the subject of the relationship between the rural and the urban has developed into plans that could be called ‘country utopias'. The system of agricultural production and the countryside is evolving today towards new forms of integration and hybridisation with urban areas. Planning practices are emerging today in the definition of the characters and traits of urban agriculture designed to create town and country interaction particularly in marginal areas, strips located on the borders between town and country. These modifications are leading to the definition of new rural figures, together with plans capable of giving new life to liminal and marginal areas between town and country by creating new models of ‘rururban' living.

scholarly journals Spatial distribution and abundance of the megabenthic fauna community in Gabes gulf (Tunisia, eastern Mediterranean Sea)

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. EL LAKHRACH ◽  
A. HATTOUR ◽  
O. JARBOUI ◽  
K. ELHASNI ◽  
A.A. RAMOS-ESPLA
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Vegetation Cover ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Ecological Condition ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Bottom Type ◽  
North East ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Marine Diversity

The aim of this paper is to bring to light the knowledge of marine diversity of invertebrates in Gabes gulf. The spatial distribution of the megabenthic fauna community in Gabes gulf (Tunisia, Eastern Mediterranean Sea), together with the bottom type and vegetation cover, were studied. The abundance of the megabenthic fauna was represented by eight groups: Echinodermata (38%), Crustacea (21%), Tunicata (19%), Mollusca (13%), Porifera (4%), Cnidaria (3%), Bryozoa, and Annelida (2%). It was spatially more concentrated in the coast area of the gulf than in the offshore waters. This area, especially, in Southern Kerkennah, North-est of Gabes and North-east of Djerba appeared to be in a good ecological condition  hosting a variety of species like the paguridsPaguristes eremita and Pagurus cuanensis, the brachyura Medorippe lanata, Inachus doresttensis, the Gastropoda Hexaplex trunculus, Bolinus brandaris, Aporrhais pespelecani, andErosaria turdus, the Bivalvia Fulvia fragilis, the Echinoidea Psammechinus microtuberculatus, Holothuria polii,Ophiothrix fragilis and Antedon mediterranea, and the AscidiaceaAplidium cf. conicum, Didemnum spp, and Microcosmus exasperatus.The species’ compositions of the megabentic fauna community showed clearly that the spatial analysis represented the differences between the community of these two regions (inshore waters and offshore waters). These differences were closely related to peculiar characters of the fauna and biotopes (depth, bottom type and vegetation cover community). The results of the present study should be considered as a necessary starting point for a further analysis of priceless benthic fauna contribution to the marine environment and its organisms.

Palatal East Meets Velar West: Dialect Contact and Phonological Accommodation in Judeo-Spanish

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rey Romero
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Lexical Borrowing ◽  
Dialect Contact ◽  
Old Spanish ◽  
Lexical Items

AbstractA key phonological divergence between the varieties of Spanish in Latin America and Spain (labeled here as Western Spanish) and the Judeo-Spanish varieties spoken in the Ottoman Empire and Eastern Mediterranean is the preservation in the latter dialects of the Old Spanish palatals [ʃ], [ʒ], and [dʒ]. In Western Spanish, these palatals evolved into the velar [x]. Increased dialectal contact between these two communities, globalization, immigration, and socioeconomic incentives have resulted in the replacement of [ʃ], [ʒ], and [dʒ] with [x] among the Judeo-Spanish community in Istanbul. I demonstrate that accommodation to [x] can be best described as lexical borrowing, as it only occurs in those palatals that have a [x] equivalent in Western Spanish and in some lexical items more than others. I also analyze the language attitudes and modern sources of dialectal contact that motivate the accommodation to Western Spanish forms in the Judeo-Spanish community in Istanbul.

POLITICIZING REPRODUCTION IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE: OTTOMAN, TURKISH, AND FRENCH APPROACHES TO ABORTION LAW

Hawwa ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-89
Author(s):  
Ruth Miller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Population Decline ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Authoritarian State ◽  
Abortion Law ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Catholic Tradition ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Second World

AbstractIn this essay I discuss modern abortion legislation in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and France. Using late nineteenth and early twentieth century fears of population decline and "race suicide" as a starting point, the first half of the essay examines the relationship between nationalist or authoritarian state formation and the criminalization of abortion in all three states. The second half of the paper discusses the gradual de-criminalization of abortion after the Second World War and its relationship to twentieth century rights rhetoric. In this essay I argue that both the criminalization and de-criminalization of abortion in the Ottoman Empire, Turkey, and France were central to modern citizenship formation, each process equally essential to the increasing politicization of reproductive behavior over the modern period. At the same time, I also argue that legislators in all three states looked back to unique "traditions" to serve as foundations for their post-eighteenth century laws—Ottoman and Turkish jurists making use of medieval and early modern debates in the Islamic world surrounding abortion and French jurists making use of an equally well-established Catholic tradition.

OF FOXES AND VINEYARDS: GREEK PERSPECTIVES ON THE SONG OF SONGS

2003 ◽  
Vol 53 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anselm Hagedorn
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Song Of Songs ◽  
Hellenistic Period ◽  
Cultural Milieu ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Greek Vases

AbstractThe article aims at utilising some further Greek parallels for an interpretation of the Song of Songs. Cant. ii 15 serves as starting point for the enterprise. Next to the fairly well known and often discussed parallels from Sappho and Theocritus, for the .rst time evidence from Greek vases and from the Anthologia Palatina is discussed. Rather than postulating any literary inuences between Greek texts and the Song of Songs we regard the study as an investigation into the (Eastern) Mediterranean cultural milieu to which the biblical and Greek texts belong. However, if Song of Songs can indeed be dated to the Hellenistic period, such inuences and possible dependencies seem not impossible.

Testing the Mesozoic plate configuration of the Eastern Mediterranean domain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Nirrengarten ◽  
Geoffroy Mohn ◽  
François Sapin ◽  
Jon Teasdale ◽  
Charlotte Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Carbonate Platform ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
East Mediterranean ◽  
Satellite Gravity ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean Sea ◽  
Rifted Margins ◽  
Lithospheric Extension ◽  
Starting Point

<p>At the transition between the Atlantic and the Tethys oceanic systems, the plate kinematic configuration of the East Mediterranean domain during the early Mesozoic is still poorly understood. Several factors like the Messinian salt, the different compressional events, the thick carbonate platforms and Cenozoic deltaic deposits combine to blur the imaging of Eastern Mediterranean rifted margins. This has led to distinct and often markedly contrasting interpretations of the timing of opening (ranging from Carboniferous to Cretaceous), structural evolution (divergent to transform segments) and kinematics (N-S to WNW-ESE extension).</p><p>To address this long-standing problem, we gathered disparate geological observations from the margins surrounding the Eastern Mediterranean Sea to integrate them in a global plate model. Distinct, end-member plate kinematic scenarios were tested, challenged and iterated by observations from the Eastern Mediterranean rifted margins.</p><p>The N-African and NW-Arabian margins of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea are relatively weakly reactivated by the different compressional events and were chosen as the starting point of our integrative tectonic study. Legacy plate models for the area mostly show N-S to NNE-SSW opening of the Eastern Mediterranean of pre-Jurassic age. We have integrated dense industrial seismic data, deep boreholes and dredge data, as well as enhanced satellite gravity images that strongly suggests WNW-ESE oriented lithospheric extension and sea floor spreading during the Late Triassic to Early Jurassic.</p><p>Our approach starts by the mapping of the main extensional and compressional structures, the different crustal domains and the pre-rift facies distribution. We investigate the potential conjugate margins now located and imbricated in the Dinarides, Hellenides and Taurides on the northern side of the East Mediterranean Sea by looking at the drowning ages of the Mesozoic carbonate platform and the related rift structures. We refine the full fit and initial spreading of the Atlantic Ocean using crustal thickness and features observed on both sides of the system to calibrate the motion of Eurasia and Africa, which determine the space available to develop the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Initial tests on the evolution of the main tectonic plates highlight an insufficient eastward motion of Africa relative to Eurasia (Iberia) to accommodate the extension of Eastern Mediterranean during the Jurassic with a purely WNW-ESE direction of extension. Further hypotheses remain to be tested. However, for now, a scenario involving poly-phased and poly-directional motion of the conjugate continent “Greater Adria” during Jurassic is favoured to model the Eastern Mediterranean plate evolution in relation with the closure of the Neo-Tethys further north.</p>

Dilemma of Development: The Agricultural Bank and Agricultural Reform in Ottoman Turkey, 1888–1908

1975 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald Quataert
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Economy ◽  
Agricultural Reform ◽  
Agricultural Produce ◽  
Ottoman Turkey

During the final century of its existence, the Ottoman state, seeking to adapt and survive in a European-dominated world, launched a series of far-ranging reform programs touching nearly every aspect of Ottoman life. The financial basis of these programs rested on a predominantly agricultural economy characterized by Ottoman and foreign observers alike as backward and impoverished, yet possessing vast potential.Generally, these observers also agreed that Turkey's function in the industrializing world was to supply agricultural produce and raw materials. The expansion of Turkish agricultural production would not only help satisfy increasing European demand but also, by raising Ottoman revenues, both ensure the continuation of the Ottoman Empire and provide the additional funds required by the modernization efforts.

scholarly journals Da Lagkadikia al Mediterraneo: gli spazi delle migrazioni in Grecia

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Valerio Raffaele
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Balkan Peninsula ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Migration Routes ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Dublin Regulation ◽  
Geographical Position ◽  
Migration Flows ◽  
Fortress Europe ◽  
The Ideal

The geopolitical upheavals affecting the Middle East and North Africa at the beginning of the 21st century have created an arc of instability around the Balkan Peninsula, causing serious consequences for all the countries in the area as regards migration flows. Due to its peculiar geographical position, Greece has thus found itself at the forefront of the so-called migratory emergency, which has involved the European Union (UE) in the last few years. The Dublin Regulation first and then the closure of the borders, following the agreement on migrants between the UE and Turkey in March 2016, have made Greece a sort of first reception hotspot for the whole Eastern Mediterranean, giving rise at the same time to new Balkan migration routes managed by human traffickers. Historically a hinge between East and West, today’s Greece constitutes the ideal starting point to interpret in a multi-scalar perspective both the weaknesses of the paradigm on which the so-called ‘Fortress Europe’ is based, and the geographical variety of problematic ‘living spaces’ that recent migratory phenomena have contributed to build over time.

scholarly journals Migrações internacionais de jovens rurais: limites da reprodução social de agricultores familiares e construções da autonomia pessoal / International migration of rural youth: limits of family farmers social reproduction and constructions of personal auto

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (19) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Orlando Bevilaqua Marin ◽  
Laila Mayara Drebes
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Rural Youth ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Family Farmers ◽  
Social Autonomy

O artigo tem como objetivo compreender o fenômeno das migrações internacionais vividas por jovens rurais, a partir da inter-relação de fatores objetivos e subjetivos que interferem na reprodução familiar de agricultores. A pesquisa foi realizada em Itapuranga, estado de Goiás, com base em dados qualitativos, obtidos por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas. As migrações internacionais estão relacionadas com a desestruturação da produção agrícola e dos meios de vida dos agricultores familiares, que limitam a construção da autonomia dos jovens rurais e de processos de sucessão hereditária. Ancoradas em longa tradição, as migrações internacionais de jovens rurais passaram a representar estratégias de ascensão social, emancipação pessoal e transição para a vida adulta. In this article, we aim to analyze the phenomenon of international migrations experienced by rural young people, based on the interrelationship between objective and subjective factors that limit the traditional strategies of social reproduction in agriculture and the construction processes of social autonomy and entry into adult life. The research was carried out in Itapuranga, state of Goiás, Brazil, based on qualitative data, obtained through semi-structured interviews. International migrations are related to the disruption of agricultural production and the livelihoods of family farmers and to changes in perceptions of rural life and work, which limit the processes of hereditary succession and the construction of the autonomy of rural youth. Anchored in a long tradition, the international migrations of rural youth  have begun to represent strategies of social ascension, personal emancipation and transition to adult life.

Rural Life and Work in Northern Gaul During the Early Middle ages

2020 ◽  
pp. 692-717
Author(s):  
Edith Peytremann
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Eighth Century ◽  
Seventh Century ◽  
Rural Life ◽  
Agricultural Activity ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Human Occupation ◽  
Land Distribution

The study of the Merovingian landscape allows us to distinguish two important steps in the transformation of the countryside that followed the end of the Roman Empire. The first, which extended from the end of the fifth to the mid-seventh century, attests to three different forms of land use in the countryside transformed by human occupation. It consisted of dispersed habitations that were sometimes located in the immediate proximity of an ancient settlement, a semi-grouped settlement in a loose organization, and finally a more densely organized grouped settlement. This first stage marked the return to construction largely in wood and earth, with characteristic architectural types such as sunken huts. Beyond agricultural activity, rural settlements provide evidence of artisanal activity such as metallurgy. Many changes characterized the second developmental stage (mid-seventh to late eighth century), which marked the end of antiquity. Land distribution was modified, and grouped habitation became the predominant form of settlement. Settlements were organized more clearly, and sometimes sections were specially reserved for artisanal or agricultural activities. It is during this period that religious structures and/or funerary structures were created among the settlements and cemeteries. Some modifications in construction were equally perceptible. The organization of artisanal and agricultural production also saw important changes.

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