scholarly journals A Note on L-Fuzzy Bags and Their Expected Values

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Fateme Kouchakinejad ◽  
Mashaallah Mashinchi ◽  
Radko Mesiar
Keyword(s):  
Expected Value ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Definition Of

Abstract A definition of L-fuzzy bags is introduced and studied. In this approach, according to the concept given by M. Delgado et al. (2009), each bag has two parts: function and summary information. Then, the definition of L-fuzzy bag expected value is introduced. In the case L = [0,1], several integral-based fuzzy bag expected values are prepared. By some examples, the new concepts are illustrated.

scholarly journals £-Single Valued Extremally Disconnected Ideal Neutrosophic Topological Spaces

Symmetry ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Fahad Alsharari
Keyword(s):  
Topological Spaces ◽  
Neutrosophic Sets ◽  
Extremally Disconnected ◽  
Fundamental Properties ◽  
Separation Axioms ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Definition Of

This paper aims to mark out new concepts of r-single valued neutrosophic sets, called r-single valued neutrosophic £-closed and £-open sets. The definition of £-single valued neutrosophic irresolute mapping is provided and its characteristic properties are discussed. Moreover, the concepts of £-single valued neutrosophic extremally disconnected and £-single valued neutrosophic normal spaces are established. As a result, a useful implication diagram between the r-single valued neutrosophic ideal open sets is obtained. Finally, some kinds of separation axioms, namely r-single valued neutrosophic ideal-Ri (r-SVNIRi, for short), where i={0,1,2,3}, and r-single valued neutrosophic ideal-Tj (r-SVNITj, for short), where j={1,2,212,3,4}, are introduced. Some of their characterizations, fundamental properties, and the relations between these notions have been studied.

scholarly journals Reward Value Coding Distinct From Risk Attitude-Related Uncertainty Coding in Human Reward Systems

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 1621-1632 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe N. Tobler ◽  
John P. O'Doherty ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan ◽  
Wolfram Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Aversion ◽  
Risk Attitude ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Coding Regions ◽  
Monetary Rewards ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Value Coding

When deciding between different options, individuals are guided by the expected (mean) value of the different outcomes and by the associated degrees of uncertainty. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain activations coding the key decision parameters of expected value (magnitude and probability) separately from uncertainty (statistical variance) of monetary rewards. Participants discriminated behaviorally between stimuli associated with different expected values and uncertainty. Stimuli associated with higher expected values elicited monotonically increasing activations in distinct regions of the striatum, irrespective of different combinations of magnitude and probability. Stimuli associated with higher uncertainty (variance) elicited increasing activations in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Uncertainty-related activations covaried with individual risk aversion in lateral orbitofrontal regions and risk-seeking in more medial areas. Furthermore, activations in expected value-coding regions in prefrontal cortex covaried differentially with uncertainty depending on risk attitudes of individual participants, suggesting that separate prefrontal regions are involved in risk aversion and seeking. These data demonstrate the distinct coding in key reward structures of the two basic and crucial decision parameters, expected value, and uncertainty.

Genotype×environment interactions and some considerations of their implications for wheat breeding in Australia This review is one of a series commissioned by the Advisory Committee of the Journal.

1998 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 153 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. E. Basford ◽  
M. Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Material ◽  
Wheat Breeding ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Specific Adaptation ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Statistical Studies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Level Of Understanding ◽  
The Impact

Genotype×environment (G×E) interactions complicate selection forbroad adaptation, while their nature and causes need to be understood toutilise and exploit them in selection for specific adaptation. This invitedreview combines an assessment of the literature with the experience we havegained from involvement in wheat breeding and associated research programs toassess (1) the implications of G×E interactions for wheat breeding inAustralia, (2) the impact that research into G E interactions has had onbreeding strategy, and (3) the evidence for impact from this research efforton genetic improvement of crop adaptation. The role of analytical methodologyin this process is considered and some important issues are discussed.There are sufficient examples drawn from wheat breeding in Australia tosuggest that progress in dealing with G×E interactions can be made andseveral of these are presented. They show that impact in plant breedingfollows from achieving an appropriate level of understanding of theenvironmental and genetic factors causing the interactions as well as anassessment of their importance in the target genotype-environment system. Anaccurate definition of the environmental factor(s) contributing to theG×E interactions has been particularly important in determining therelevance of observed differences in plant adaptation to the target populationof environments. From the combination of biological and statistical studies, amore comprehensive understanding of G×E interactions has emerged andcontributed to new concepts and procedures for dealing with them.Distinguishing between what are repeatable and non-repeatable interactions isa key step. Genuine cases of positive specific adaptation observed inmulti-environment trials (METs) can be exploited by appropriately targetedselection strategies, while non-repeatable interactions are accommodated byselection for broad adaptation.The investigation of G×E interactions for grain yield of wheat inAustralia has matured to the point where an understanding of some of theircauses has enabled wheat breeders to exploit positive components of specificadaptation. The experience that has been gained in achieving these advancesindicates the importance of establishing a MET system that is relevant to thetarget population of environments of the breeding program. The investment ofadequate resources into effective design, conduct, analysis, andinterpretation of METs remains critical to continued progress from selectionin complex genotype-environment systems that present large G× Einteractions. Wheat breeders who understand their genetic material and thetarget population of environments can then use the generated information baseto achieve impact from their breeding programs.

scholarly journals New Concepts on Vertex and Edge Coloring of Simple Vague Graphs

Symmetry ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arindam Dey ◽  
Le Son ◽  
P. Kumar ◽  
Ganeshsree Selvachandran ◽  
Shio Quek
Keyword(s):  
Edge Coloring ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Flow Management ◽  
Color Class ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Traffic Flow Management ◽  
Vague Graph ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of

The vague graph has found its importance as a closer approximation to real life situations. A review of the literature in this area reveals that the edge coloring problem for vague graphs has not been studied until now. Therefore, in this paper, we analyse the concept of vertex and edge coloring on simple vague graphs. Specifically, two new definitions for vague graphs related to the concept of the λ-strong-adjacent and ζ-strong-incident of vague graphs are introduced. We consider the color classes to analyze the coloring on the vertices in vague graphs. The proposed method illustrates the concept of coloring on vague graphs, using the definition of color class, which depends only on the truth membership function. Applications of the proposal in solving practical problems related to traffic flow management and the selection of advertisement spots are mainly discussed.

Selection of Design Lower Deck Elevation of Fixed Offshore Platforms for Mexican Code

2015 ◽  
Vol 137 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dante Campos ◽  
César Ortega ◽  
Jorge L. Alamilla ◽  
Alberto Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Tropical Cyclones ◽  
Offshore Structures ◽  
Offshore Platforms ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
Maintenance And Repair ◽  
Equipment Replacement ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Lower Deck

This paper presents the definition of lower deck elevation (LDE) of fixed offshore platforms in Mexican part of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM), which were applied in the Mexican code for design and assessment of fixed offshore structures NRF-003-PEMEX-2007. This was obtained as a result of a decision methodology developed here, an optimization algorithm composed of an objective minimization function subject to a safety restriction and by the application of a set of real structural maintenance and equipment replacement costs. Platform projected service life dependent total costs of LDE contemplate expected costs of structural and equipment maintenance after the occurrence of tropical cyclones and northers, and the expected cost of equipment mobilization. This work regards a group of offshore platforms in the Bay of Campeche whose elevation lies between 15.85 and 19.10 m above mean sea level, as well as recent metocean hazard information. Similar expected values of total costs due to maintenance and repair were obtained, while safety constrains demand the LDE not to be less than +19.10 m.

scholarly journals КОГНИТИВНЫЙ ПРОТОТИП КАК СТРУКТУРА ДАННЫХ ДЛЯ ХРАНЕНИЯ МОДЕЛЕЙ КОГНИТИВНЫХ СТРУКТУР

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. A. Ryzhov ◽  
A. M. Popov
Keyword(s):  
Data Structure ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Cognitive Structures ◽  
Formal Models ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Computer Environment ◽  
Definition Of

The analysis of formal models of knowledge representaion in human minds allowed us to forge a definition of two new concepts: cognitive prototype (CP) as a processable and flexible data structure for representing models of cognitive structures (CS) in computer environment and knowledge base (KB) of IES based on CPs as a UML-model to storage and further process the content of educational courses based on cognitive prototypes.

scholarly journals Neural population dynamics underlying expected value computation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Yamada ◽  
Yuri Imaizumi ◽  
Masayuki Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Ventral Striatum ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Economic Behavior ◽  
Neural Dynamics ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Integrative Process ◽  
Expected Values ◽  
The Brain

AbstractComputation of expected values, i.e., probability times magnitude, seems to be a dynamic integrative process performed in the brain for efficient economic behavior. However, neural dynamics underlying this computation remain largely unknown. We examined (1) whether four core reward-related regions detect and integrate the probability and magnitude cued by numerical symbols and (2) whether these regions have distinct dynamics in the integrative process. Extractions of mechanistic structure of neural population signal demonstrated that expected-value signals simultaneously arose in central part of orbitofrontal cortex (cOFC, area 13m) and ventral striatum (VS). These expected-value signals were incredibly stable in contrast to weak and/or fluctuated signals in dorsal striatum and medial OFC. Notably, temporal dynamics of these stable expected-value signals were unambiguously distinct: sharp and gradual signal evolutions in cOFC and VS, respectively. These intimate dynamics suggest that cOFC and VS compute the expected-values with unique time constants, as distinct, partially overlapping processes.

scholarly journals The International Humanitarian Law Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities – A Review of The ICRC Interpretive Guide and Subsequent Debate

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 1046
Author(s):  
Dr Shannon Bosch
Keyword(s):  
Revolving Door ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Direct Participation ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Interpretive Guide ◽  
War Effort ◽  
Direct Targeting ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Civilian Immunity

The phrase "direct participation in hostilities" has a very specific meaning in international humanitarian law (IHL). Those individuals who are clothed with combatant status are authorised to participate directly in hostilities without fear of prosecution, while civilians lose their civilian immunity against direct targeting whilst they participate directly in hostilities. Any civilian activity which amounts to "direct participation in hostilities" temporarily suspends their presumptive civilian protection and exposes them to both direct targeting as a legitimate military target and prosecution for their unauthorised participation in hostilities. Since existing treaty sources of IHL do not provide a definition of what activities amount to "direct participation in hostilities", the ICRC in 2009 released an Interpretive Guide on the Notion of Direct Participation in Hostilities - in the hope of providing a neutral, impartial and balanced interpretation of the longstanding IHL principle of direct participation in hostilities. While not without criticism, the Interpretive Guide aims to respect the customary IHL distinction between "direct participation in hostilities" and mere involvement in the general war effort. The Guide proposes a three-pronged test which establishes a threshold of harm, and requires direct causation together with a belligerent nexus. Collectively, these criteria limit overly-broad targeting policies, while distinguishing occasions of legitimate military targeting from common, criminal activities. Together with these three criteria, the Guide introduces the notion of the revolving door of protection, together with the concept of a "continuous combat function". Both these new concepts have been the subject of criticism, as too the idea that a presumption of non-participation status should apply in cases of doubt. Nevertheless "nothing indicates that the ICRC's interpretive guidance is substantively inaccurate, unbalanced, or otherwise inappropriate, or that its recommendations cannot be realistically translated into operational practice"[1] in a way which will ensure that the fundamental principles of distinction and civilian immunity upon which all of IHL is built are observed.*     [1]    Melzer 2010 NYU J Int'l L & Pol 915.

scholarly journals Limit Theorems for the Inductive Mean on Metric Trees

2010 ◽  
Vol 47 (04) ◽  
pp. 1136-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bojan Basrak
Keyword(s):  
Strong Consistency ◽  
Limit Theorems ◽  
Random Variables ◽  
Expected Value ◽  
Asymptotic Distributions ◽  
Weighted Interpolation ◽  
Underlying Distribution ◽  
Data Point ◽  
Definition Of

For random variables with values on binary metric trees, the definition of the expected value can be generalized to the notion of a barycenter. To estimate the barycenter from tree-valued data, the so-called inductive mean is constructed recursively using the weighted interpolation between the current mean and a new data point. We show the strong consistency of the inductive mean, but also that it, somewhat peculiarly, converges towards the true barycenter with different rates, and asymptotic distributions depending on the small variations of the underlying distribution.

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