scholarly journals The Four Leaf Water Clover (Marsilea Quadrifolia L.) an Endangered Species. Aspects of Conservation and Management

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Schneider-Binder
Keyword(s):  
Field Research ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Leaf Water ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Habitat Directive ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Marsilea Quadrifolia ◽  
Bern Convention ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Upper Rhine

Abstract The European species of the genus Marsilea are presented, with special regard to Four leaf water clover Marsilea quadrifolia L., the single species occurring in Central Europe. Based on field research on the Upper Rhine in Germany and the Lower Danube in Romania the ecological requirements of the species and the plant communities in which the species lives are analysed and compared with data from other European countries. Due to the decline of the species populations as a consequence of human activities, all European Marsilea species are rare, vulnerable, endangered by extinction or extinct in the wild and included in the Red data books of most European countries. Also all the European water clovers Marsilea strigosa, Marsilea batardae and Marsilea quadrifolia have been included in the Appendix I of the Bern Convention (1979) as strictly protected species and in the Annexe II of the European Flora Fauna Habitat Directive 92/43/1992. After analysis of ecological conditions, the state of conservation and the Red List categories of Marsilea quadrifolia following IUCN criteria in the countries of occurrence are presented and possible measures for conservation are discussed as well as realised reintroduction of the species in the wild

scholarly journals The role of European rare habitats in conservation of rare phytodiversity of «Drevlianskyi» Nature Reserve

2021 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
O. Orlov ◽  
V. Konishchuk ◽  
V. Martynenko
Keyword(s):  
Rare Species ◽  
Vascular Plants ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Nature Reserve ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Habitat Directive ◽  
Central European ◽  
Bern Convention ◽  
Scots Pine Forests

Classification scheme of rare habitats of Europe according to Bern Convention and Habitat Directive of EU was presented for the territory of Drevlianskyi nature reserve. It was shown significant habitat’s diversity of nature reserve from all main types of habitats — water (permanent and temporary lakes (waterbodies), watercources, reedbeds habitats), bog (eutrophic and mesotrophic mires), grassland (dry, mesic and wet grassland, floodplain and fen scrub, heaths), forest (leaved and conifer forests (woodland), rock (rocks and talus of silicate rocks). According to the results of field research, the territory of the reserve represented by 30 habitats (1 — ІІ leaves, 4 — ІІІ leaves, 25 — ІV leaves). It is established that the most common habitat 91T0 (Central European lichen Scots pine forests), which represented by 153 localities in A1C (dry pine forest) on an area of 421.5 ha. It was made a conclusion that the role of rare habitats in nature reserve Drevlianskyi is determinant for conservation of rare species of vascular plants that are protected by the Bern Convention, European Red List and included to the Red Book of Ukraine. The results of the analysis of the role of rare biotopes of Europe in the conservation of species of flora of different protection status on the territory of Drevlianskyi nature reserve show that most of the rare plant species of reserve listed in Resolution № 6 of the Bern Convention (Annex I), revised in 2011, are present in its rare settlements. The role of rare habitats of Drevlianskyi nature reserve in the conservation of rare species of flora is decisive — of the 29 species of plants of supranational and national levels of protection in rare habitats there are 24 species or 82.8% of their total number.

Neotypification of the Linnaean name Iris aphylla (Iridaceae)

Phytotaxa ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 273 (2) ◽  
pp. 141 ◽  
Author(s):  
EUGENY V. BOLTENKOV
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Number ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Genetic Data ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
European Russia ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Forest Edges ◽  
Variable Species ◽  
Open Forests

Iris aphylla Linnaeus (1753: 38) (Iridaceae) is a highly variable species from the morphological point of view, especially in the height of stem, stem branching, size of leaves, and color of flowers. Moreover, it can be found in different habitats. In the Middle-Russian Upland, this plant is mostly associated with meadow steppes on slopes and, rarely, with edges of shrub thickets; also occurs along forest edges and in open forests, where blooming plants are rare (Kazakova et al. 2015). It is native to Central, Eastern, and some parts of Western Europe. The species is widespread in the Ukraine and mainly in the south of middle European Russia, while in the European countries its populations are sparser. Iris aphylla is of autotetraploid origin (Mitra 1956); plants with the chromosome number 2n = 48 are found more frequently in Europe (Wróblewska et al. 2010). Its numerous synonyms, including four subspecies, indicate the variability of this species. The genetic data confirm the conclusion that the subspecies of I. aphylla should be regarded as a single species (Wróblewska et al. 2010). According to my best knowledge (see also Jarvis 2007) the name I. aphylla is still lacking typification.

How Giraffes Work

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Normal Functions ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
Social Biology ◽  
Biochemical Systems ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical ◽  
Biological Milieu

There are few creatures more beautiful, more aloof, and more fascinating than giraffes. Once they were plentiful and filled African landscapes, but in 2016 they were re-classified from “least concern” to “vulnerable” by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Their survival in the wild is not assured. Much has been written about their private lives, about their behavior, social biology, and ecology, and their history in art and diplomacy. But so far no book has been written about their private lives, their physiology, and their anatomy and biochemistry—in short, the normal functions of a free-living animal in its natural environment—and it is these aspects of their lives that are the focus of this book. The study of a single species could be concise and relatively simply told. In reality it is not. A species never evolves in isolation from the general biological milieu in which it finds itself. Tectonics, astronomical physics, climate, and purely biological factors affecting food and water resources all shape the path of their evolution and all interact with its morphology, its internal physiological and biochemical systems, and the behavior patterns that regulate its daily life. Giraffes are no exception, as is revealed as the story told here unfolds. How do giraffes work? The answers lie in a story filled not only with the internal workings of a unique creature, but with geography, climate changes of great magnitude, and the labors of extraordinary people who put many pieces of the puzzle together.

Spatial distribution and basic ecology of Heterodera schachtii and H. betae wild populations developing on sea beet, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima

Nematology ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. 797-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Gracianne ◽  
Eric J. Petit ◽  
Jean-François Arnaud ◽  
Catherine Porte ◽  
Lionel Renault ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Beta Vulgaris ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Heterodera Schachtii ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Cyst Nematodes ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Wild Host ◽  
In The Wild

Most populations of crop pathogens have wild relative populations from which they can originate but for which basic knowledge of their ecological requirementsin naturais scarce. However, the study of spatial distribution and ecology of wild pathogen populations may help control them in crops through a better understanding of the environmental factors driving population dynamics. Here, we focused onHeterodera schachtiiandH. betae, two cyst nematodes that cause severe damage to sugar beet (Beta vulgarisssp.vulgaris) crops and can develop on a wild beet relative, the sea beet (B. vulgarisssp.maritima). We investigated the occurrence of both nematode species in the wild and explored some environmental factors that may influence their geographical distribution. To do so, we sampled the wild hostB. v.ssp.maritimaalong the European Atlantic and North Sea coastlines. Results showed thatH. schachtiimainly occurred in the colder environments of northern Europe, whereasH. betaewas preferentially distributed in the warm environments of southern Europe. It was previously established thatH. betaeonly recently appeared in The Netherlands, which are in the north of Europe. Thus, our results do not support this hypothesis. Overall, this study accurately documents the geographical occurrence of two nematode crop pest species in the wild and helps identify the main environmental factors affecting their distribution range.

scholarly journals III. Resin canals in the canadian spruce (Picea canadensis (Mill.) B. S. P.)-An anatomical study, especially in relation to traumatic effects and their bearing on phylogeny

1926 ◽  
Vol 214 (411-420) ◽  
pp. 63-111 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Anatomical Study ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Local Material ◽  
Nursery Stock ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Secondary Wood ◽  
Resin Canals ◽  
Conifer Wood ◽  
Selection Of

Every student of conifer wood structure is familiar with the importance that in modern anatomical work is attached to the occurrence and distribution of resin canals. It is apparent in classification, identification, and, above all, in discussions of phylogeny. For example, the Pineæ are said to be distinguished by the normal occurrence of resin canals throughout the secondary wood, the Abieteæ by their occurrence practically only in response to wounding. The canals in the latter case are considered by some as being “revived” by injury and by others as in the process of acquirement. However, important though resin canals undoubtedly are, too little is known with regard to them to warrant many of the prevailing conclusions. There has been no systematic study of their origin and distribution, even in a single species. It was to make a beginning towards the filling in of this gap in our knowledge that the present study was undertaken. The spruce was chosen partly because of the abundance of local material, both in nurseries and in the wild state. In fact, although nursery stock was ultimately made use of to perhaps a greater extent than the material from the woods, the study could probably not have been completed on this material alone, so obscure did the principle underlying the distribution of the resin canals seem when viewed merely from a study of nursery plants. There were, however, additional reasons of a scientific nature for the selection of the genus Picea. The resin canals, occurring apparently normally in the wood, are not nearly so abundant as they are in the pines, and are more irregular in distribution. Two low-power photographs have been made to illustrate these points. In Picea sometimes resin canals are completely lacking in an annual ring, whereas in the adjacent area they are fairly abundant (Plate 8, Photo. 1), but not so numerous nor so evenly distributed as they are in the pine, where every ring of the section shows several (Photo. 2); nor is their radial distribution in the year's growth uniform. They occur at various regions in either spring or summer wood, even to the very borders of both, although usually they are more abundant in the earlier part of the season's growth. The distribution of what are ordinarily considered normal .resin canals is thus very sporadic in Picea. Again, in the region of wounds, tangential series quite like those so frequently figured as typical of Abies, are plentiful ( cf . Photos. 23 and 24, Plate 9, the former of Picea, the latter of Abies).

scholarly journals A Mediterranean element of the vegetation: Junco maritimi-Cladietum marisci – a new association for Ukraine

Hacquetia ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-291
Author(s):  
Anastasia Davydova
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Rare Species ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Ecological Data ◽  
Habitat Directive ◽  
Red Data Book ◽  
Bern Convention ◽  
New Association ◽  
Data Book

AbstractCladium mariscus (L.) Pohl (Cyperaceae) is a rare species in Europe considered by several authors to be a relict of the early Holocene period. It is listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine, Annexes of the Habitat Directive and the Bern Convention. Communities with domination of this species are included in the Green Data Book of Ukraine. Substantial differences in major ecological factors for Cladium mariscus communities in the western (carbonate bogs) and the southern (marshes and floating swamps of the northern Black Sea) regions of Ukraine were shown. The author carried out comparisons of relevés characterizing different communities with Cladium mariscus within Europe. Based on the results of TWINSPAN analysis, four associations were identified, confirmed by floristic indices and ecological data: Cladietum marisci Allorge 1921, Soncho maritimi-Cladietum marisci (Br.-Bl. & O. de Bolòs 1957) Cirujano 1980, Dorycnio recti-Cladietum marisci Gradstein & Smittenberg 1977 and Junco maritimi-Cladietum marisci (Br.-Bl. & O. de Bolòs 1957) Géhu & Biondi 1988. Thus, in addition to the association Cladietum marisci, a new one was indicated for Ukraine, Junco maritimi-Cladietum marisci.

scholarly journals Bosminopsis deitersi (Crustacea: Cladocera) as an ancient species group: a revision

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11310
Author(s):  
Petr G. Garibian ◽  
Dmitry P. Karabanov ◽  
Anna N. Neretina ◽  
Derek J. Taylor ◽  
Alexey A. Kotov
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Evolution ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Freshwater Ecology ◽  
Genetic Approach ◽  
Species Problem ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
Morphological Stasis ◽  
The Family ◽  
Group A

Water fleas (Crustacea: Cladocera) of the Family Bosminidae have been studied since the founding of paleolimnology and freshwater ecology. However, one species, Bosminopsis deitersi, stands out for its exceptional multicontinental range and broad ecological requirements. Here we use an integrated morphological and multilocus genetic approach to address the species problem in B. deitersi. We analyzed 32 populations of B. deitersi s. lat. Two nuclear and two mitochondrial loci were used to carry out the bGMYC, mPTP and STACEY algorithms for species delimitation. Detailed morphological study was also carried out across continents. The evidence indicated a widely distributed cryptic species in the Old World (Bosminopsis zernowi) that is genetically divergent from B. deitersi s.str. We revised the taxonomy and redescribed the species in this complex. Our sampling indicated that B. zernowi had weak genetic differentiation across its range. A molecular clock and biogeographic analysis with fossil calibrations suggested a Mesozoic origin for the Bosminopsis deitersi group. Our evidence rejects the single species hypothesis for B. deitersi and is consistent with an ancient species group (potentially Mesozoic) that shows marked morphological conservation. The family Bosminidae, then, has examples of both rapid morphological evolution (Holocene Bosmina), and morphological stasis (Bosminopsis).

scholarly journals Urban biodiversity: an insight into the terrestrial vertebrate diversity of Guwahati, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 12299-12316
Author(s):  
Jayaditya Purkayastha
Keyword(s):  
Threatened Species ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Iucn Red List ◽  
Red List ◽  
Urban Biodiversity ◽  
Terrestrial Vertebrate ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Insight Into

This study focuses on the assessment of the terrestrial vertebrate diversity of Guwahati.  Twenty-six species of amphibians, 57 species of reptiles, 214 species of birds, and 36 species of mammals were recorded during the study period.  Thirty-three species were found to be threatened with extinction and another 62 species need evaluation.  A single species of turtle was found to be categorized as Extinct in the Wild under the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 

scholarly journals Aquatic habitats of the malaria vector, Anopheles funestus in rural south-eastern Tanzania

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ismail Hassani Nambunga ◽  
Halfan S. Ngowo ◽  
Salum A. Mapua ◽  
Emmanuel E. Hape ◽  
Betwel J. Msugupakulya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Mosquito Species ◽  
Anopheles Funestus ◽  
Survival Strategies ◽  
Aquatic Habitats ◽  
Rural South ◽  
South Eastern ◽  
Ecological Requirements ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Slow Moving

Abstract Background In rural south-eastern Tanzania, Anopheles funestus now dominates malaria transmission, mediating nearly nine in every ten new malaria infections. However, little is known about the ecological requirements and survival strategies of this mosquito species in the wild. Methods Potential mosquito aquatic habitats were systematically searched along 1000 m transects radiating from the centers of six villages in south-eastern Tanzania. All water bodies were geo-referenced, characterized and examined for presence of Anopheles larvae using standard 350mls dippers or 10L buckets. Larvae were collected for rearing, and the emergent adults identified to generic or species level, to confirm habitats containing An. funestus . Results One hundred and eleven (111) habitats were identified and assessed from the first five villages (all <300m altitude). Of these, 36 (32.4%) had An. funestus larvae co-occurring with other mosquito species. Another 47 (42.3%) had other Anopheles species and/or culicines but not An. funestus , and 28 (25.2%) had no mosquitoes. There were three main habitat types occupied by An. funestus, namely: a) small spring-fed pools with well-defined perimeters (36.1%), b) medium-sized natural ponds retaining water most of the year (16.7%), and c) slow-moving waters along river tributaries (47.2%). The habitats generally had clear waters with emergent surface vegetation, depths > 0.5m and distances < 100m from human dwellings. They were permanent or semi-permanent, retaining water most of the year. Water temperatures ranged from 25.2 to 28.8°C, pH from 6.5 to 6.7, turbidity from 26.6 to 54.8 NTU and total dissolved solids from 60.5 to 80.3 mg/L. In the sixth village (altitude >400m), very high densities of An. funestus were found along rivers with slow-moving clear waters and emergent vegetation. Conclusion This study has documented the diversity and key characteristics of aquatic habitats of An. funestus in south-eastern Tanzania, and will form an important basis for further ecological studies towards improved control strategies. Given the observed characteristics, An. funestus habitats in the area can indeed be described as fixed, few and findable. Future studies should therefore investigate potential of targeting these habitats with larviciding or larval source management to complement malaria control efforts in areas dominated by this vector.

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