Investitionszuschüsse nur bei Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen? Schlussfolgerungen aus der Förderung eines Investitionsprojektes über die Gemeinschaftsaufgabe im Land Brandenburg

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Titze
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Joint Task ◽  
The Government ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Production Effects

AbstractThe Joint Task “For the Improvement of the Regional Economic Structure” is one of the most important instruments of the German regional policy. This instrument is applied in regions with strong structural problems and aims to reduce unemployment. The instruments institutional framework demands the creation of additional permanent posts. This paper explores that these requirements can provoke inefficient combinations of production factors. The reasons for that problem can be seen in market failures as well as political disappointments. The government of each federal state has an incentive to demand permanent posts as much as possible because public revenue can equal the government expenditures after a relative short time period due to employment and production effects. The institutional framework of the German financial equalization scheme between the federal states contributes to that problem too - the expenditures for subsidization can be balanced by perequations paid by the other federal states.

scholarly journals Investitionszuschüsse nur bei Schaffung von Arbeitsplätzen? Schlussfolgerungen aus der Förderung eines Investitionsprojektes über die Gemeinschaftsaufgabe im Land Brandenburg

2009 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirko Titze
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Framework ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Market Failures ◽  
Federal States ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Joint Task ◽  
The Government ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Production Effects

AbstractThe Joint Task “For the Improvement of the Regional Economic Structure” is one of the most important instruments of the German regional policy. This instrument is applied in regions with strong structural problems and aims to reduce unemployment. The instruments institutional framework demands the creation of additional permanent posts. This paper explores that these requirements can provoke inefficient combinations of production factors. The reasons for that problem can be seen in market failures as well as political disappointments. The government of each federal state has an incentive to demand permanent posts as much as possible because public revenue can equal the government expenditures after a relative short time period due to employment and production effects. The institutional framework of the German financial equalization scheme between the federal states contributes to that problem too - the expenditures for subsidization can be balanced by perequations paid by the other federal states.

scholarly journals Teaching Learning Methodology in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 85-97
Author(s):  
D. Ghildyal ◽  
S. Kumar ◽  
S. Yadav ◽  
R. Khare
Keyword(s):  
Digital Divide ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Negative Aspect ◽  
Online Mode ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Government ◽  
Teaching Learning ◽  
Short Time

The Education system in India underwent a major change due to the sudden lockdown announced by the Government in view of COVID – 19 pandemic. Both teachers and students had to shift to online mode in a very short time period. The present study analysis the positive and negative aspect of this online mode of education and measures adopted by teachers to maintain the flow of education along with attendance. The sur- vey was conducted at JSS Academy of Technical Education, Noida. More than 100 teachers and students participated in the survey conducted. Also experienced faculty came up with sug- gestions and ideas to improve the online mode of education in view of such pandemic situations. Two teachers who were also teaching kids at an NGO school running in the campus prem- ises shared their view on what efforts they took to let education reach the kids at the NGO as digital divide was the main prob- lem there. Such findings will help in designing a future teach- ing model to cope with pandemic situations and not let educa- tion suffer.

scholarly journals On the Question of the Powers of the Federal Executive Authorities of Germany in the Field of Genetic Engineering

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 421-430
Author(s):  
Ekaterina Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Genetically Modified Organisms ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Federal States ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

At the present stage of the development of genetic engineering activities in the Russian Federation the question of the expediency of distributing powers between federal executive bodies and executive bodies of constituent entities is relevant. In this regard, the experience of Germany in securing the relevant powers in the field of genetic engineering for the executive authorities is considered, in particular, the powers of the federal executive authorities of Germany are examined to release and place genetically modified organisms, to monitor the impact of artificial microorganisms on human health and the environment, as well as administrative functions for maintaining information registers of information about modified organisms. The Author analyzes the powers of the German Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (German: Bundesministerium für Ernährung und Landwirtschaft – BMEL), the Federal Office for Consumer Protection and Food Safety of Germany (German: Bundesamt für Verbraucherschutz und Lebensmittelsicherheit – BVL) and other bodies. In addition, the Author has investigated the powers of the federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany in the field of genetic engineering work related to the use and production of artificial microorganisms and GM products. As an example, the competence of the authorized body of the federal state of Hesse – the Department of the Government of Hesse for genetic engineering – is considered. Analysis of the powers of the executive authorities of Germany in the field of genetic engineering made it possible to formulate conclusions and recommendations for streamlining the powers of executive authorities and organizations in Russia. As a result, proposals were made to improve public administration in the field of genetic engineering activities in Russia, including the need to entrust a separate authority with the authority for comprehensive regulation in the field of genetic engineering activities, as well as the inexpediency of currently providing executive the authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the powers to exercise public administration in the area under consideration.

scholarly journals Assessment of Land Administration in Ecuador Based on the Fit-for-Purpose Approach

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 862
Author(s):  
Dimo Todorovski ◽  
Rodolfo Salazar ◽  
Ginella Jacome
Keyword(s):  
Basic Concept ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Land Registration ◽  
Land Administration ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Land Survey ◽  
Fit For Purpose ◽  
The Government ◽  
Short Time

Land administration is established to manage the people-to-land relationship. However, it is believed that 70% of the land in developing countries is unregistered. In the case of Ecuador, the government has an ambitious strategy to implement a national cadaster on the full territory in a short time period. Therefore, the objective of this study was the assessment of land administration in Ecuador based on the fit-for-purpose approach as an assessment framework. A literature review was performed on the topic of land administration, including guidelines for improvement and assessment frameworks. The basic concept of fit-for-purpose land administration was reviewed with the three frameworks, which are: spatial, legal, and institutional. Interviews and focus group discussions were performed in Ecuador for collecting primary and secondary data about land administration in this country. Results from these activities are presented and discussed using the structure of the basic concept of fit-for-purpose land administration with the three frameworks. It was found that during the field data collection precise land survey of fixed boundaries was performed and around 55–60 attributes per parcel were collected as a part of the field land survey in Ecuador. Based on the findings, discussions were developed, and a score table was created identifying which principles should be addressed if rapid mapping and land registration are desired by the government of Ecuador to be implemented on the whole territory in a short time period. Finally, the paper ends with conclusions and recommendations.

FEDERALISM: THE CONDITIONS FOR THE POSSIBILITY OF THE FORMATION AND MAIN CHARACTERISTICS

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Author(s):  
. Паулу Роберту Барбоса Рамос ◽  
. Paulu Robertu Barbosa Ramos
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Political Power ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Federal State ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Federal States ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Government

The author analyzes the issues of appearance and consolidation of the idea of federalism in the Constitution of the various states and examines the characteristics of federalism. The Confederate state model has failed in the United States, as could not find a political formula that could justify the possibility of execution by the central government of its functions with the greatest efficiency. The adoption of a new formula for the exercise of political power in the USA by choosing representatives as well as the gradual accession of Member States allowed the US to overcome the disadvantages of the confederate model, which made it impossible to peaceful coexistence and effective state. The term “federal state” first appeared in German literature as most accurately reflects the context and the difference with the concept of “confederation”. As a new form of organization of the state a federal state was seen in the United States, and later in Sweden, Germany and Brazil. Despite the fact that the Americans are the creators of the phenomenon of federalism, the Constitution of the United States of 1787 does not contain any mention of the federation, federalism, or federal states. In any case, nothing takes away from the merits of Americans in the “invention of the formula” of federalism, which has undergone some changes depending on the location and the conditions which apply. The government, which wants to be called a federal, must have a constitution, two spheres of political power, the incoming participants must have a certain autonomy, as well as the opportunity to participate in the decisions of the central government also requires the Constitutional Court to deal with emerging conflicts. The federal system has made a great contribution to the history of mankind: the decision of the state of conflict with the help of legal organization, for which all parties recognize the right of the last word in matters of distribution of powers between the States.

World Economy: Prospects and Barriers for Recovery

2012 ◽  
pp. 61-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Ershov
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Western World ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Junk Bonds ◽  
The Past ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The Us ◽  
Global Liquidity ◽  
Short Time

According to the latest forecasts, it will take 10 years for the world economy to get back to “decent shape”. Some more critical estimates suggest that the whole western world will have a “colossal mess” within the next 5–10 years. Regulators of some major countries significantly and over a short time‑period changed their forecasts for the worse which means that uncertainty in the outlook for the future persists. Indeed, the intensive anti‑crisis measures have reduced the severity of the past problems, however the problems themselves have not disappeared. Moreover, some of them have become more intense — the eurocrisis, excessive debts, global liquidity glut against the backdrop of its deficit in some of market segments. As was the case prior to the crisis, derivatives and high‑risk operations with “junk” bonds grow; budget problems — “fiscal cliff” in the US — and other problems worsen. All of the above forces the regulators to take unprecedented (in their scope and nature) steps. Will they be able to tackle the problems which emerge?

Is Xenophobic Violence and Criminality Systemic in Post-Apartheid South Africa? A Critical Analysis of Growing Denialism to 2015 Incidents

Politeia ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mbekezeli Comfort Mkhize ◽  
Kongko Louis Makau
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Hate Crime ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Foreign Nationals ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Structural Problems ◽  
The Government

This article argues that the 2015 xenophobic violence was allowed to spread due to persistent inaction by state officials. While the utterances of King Goodwill Zwelithini have in part fuelled the attacks, officials tend to perceive acts of xenophobia as ordinary crimes. This perception has resulted in ill-advised responses from the authorities, allowing this kind of hate crime against foreign nationals to engulf the whole country. In comparison with similar attacks in 2008, the violent spree in 2015 is characterised by a stronger surge in criminal activities. The militancy showcased fed a sense of insecurity amongst foreigners, creating a situation inconsistent with the country’s vaunted respect for human rights and the rule of law. Investors lost confidence in the country’s outlook, owing in part to determined denialism in government circles regarding the targeting of foreigners. While drawing from existing debates, the article’s principal objective is to critically examine the structural problems that enable xenophobia to proliferate and the (in)effectiveness of responses to the militancy involved in the 2015 attacks. Of particular interest are the suggested responses that could be effective in curbing future violence. The article concludes that xenophobia is systemic in post-apartheid South Africa. Strong cooperation between the government, national and international organisations could provide the basis for successful anti-xenophobia measures. The article further argues that the country is obliged to find a sustainable solution to the predicament for humanitarian reasons firstly, and in recognition of the support South Africans received from its African counterparts during the liberation struggle.

Effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intraocular pressure

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayyaba Gul Malik ◽  
Hina Nadeem ◽  
Eiman Ayesha ◽  
Rabail Alam
Keyword(s):  
Oral Contraceptive ◽  
Childbearing Age ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Oral Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Contraceptive Pills ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Short Time

Objective: To study the effect of short-term use of oral contraceptive pills on intra-ocular pressures of women of childbearing age.   Methods: It was a comparative observational study, conducted at Arif memorial teaching hospital and Allied hospital Faisalabad for a period of six months. Hundred female subjects were divided into two groups of 50 each. Group A, included females, who had been taking oral contraceptive pills (OCP) for more than 6 months and less than 36 months. Group B, included 50 age-matched controls, who had never used OCP. Ophthalmic and systemic history was taken. Careful Slit lamp examination was performed and intraocular pressures (IOP) were measured using Goldman Applanation tonometer. Fundus examination was done to rule out any posterior segment disease. After collection of data, we analyzed and compared the intra ocular pressures between the two groups by using ANOVA in SPSS version 21.   Results: Average duration of using OCP was 14.9 months. There was no significant difference of Cup to Disc ratios between the two groups (p= 0.109). However, significant difference was noted between the IOP of OCP group and controls. (p=0.000). Conclusion: OCP significantly increase IOP even when used for short time period.

scholarly journals Political ideology and vaccination willingness: implications for policy design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Debus ◽  
Jale Tosun
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Political Ideology ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Public Support ◽  
Individual Freedom ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Successful Development ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Short Time

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has forced governments to impose major restrictions on individual freedom in order to stop the spread of the virus. With the successful development of a vaccine, these restrictions are likely to become obsolete—on the condition that people get vaccinated. However, parts of the population have reservations against vaccination. While this is not a recent phenomenon, it might prove a critical one in the context of current attempts to manage the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the task of designing policies suitable for attaining high levels of vaccination deserves enhanced attention. In this study, we use data from the Eurobarometer survey fielded in March 2019. They show that 39% of Europeans consider vaccines to cause the diseases which they should protect against, that 50% believe vaccines have serious side effects, that 32% think that vaccines weaken the immune system, and that 10% do not believe vaccines are tested rigorously before authorization. We find that—even when controlling for important individual-level factors—ideological extremism on both ends of the spectrum explains skepticism of vaccination. We conclude that policymakers must either politicize the issue or form broad alliances among parties and societal groups in order to increase trust in and public support for the vaccines in general and for vaccines against COVID-19 in particular, since the latter were developed in a very short time period and resulted—in particular in case of the AstraZeneca vaccine—in reservations because of the effectiveness and side effects of the new vaccines.

scholarly journals Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome induced by short-term weight loss: a case series

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yudai Tamura ◽  
Tomohiro Sakamoto
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Septal Defect ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Transoesophageal Echocardiography ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Short Time Period ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Uncommon Condition ◽  
The Right ◽  
Short Time

Abstract Background Platypnoea–orthodeoxia syndrome (POS) is an uncommon condition characterized by dyspnoea and arterial desaturation in the standing or sitting position that improves in the supine position. Case summary We report two cases of POS caused by an atrial septal defect (ASD) and a patent foramen ovale (PFO). Both cases reported a recent decrease in body weight of more than 10 kg in a short time period. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) with agitated saline bubble study revealed and a large amount of contrast bubble through the ASD (Patient 1) or the PFO (Patient 2) from the right atrium to the left atrium in the sitting position. Both patients were diagnosed by the finding of positional dyspnoea and the results of TOE using agitated saline bubble contrast. Discussion Taken together, their presentations suggest that weight loss in a short time period could be a pathogenic factor for POS.

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