Epicuticular Wax Compositions of Predominant Conifers of Western North America

The compositions of epicuticular waxes from conifers constituting the predom inant species of western North America were determined by GC and GC-MS. The primary components identified include alkanes, fatty acids, fatty alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, phytosterols, triterpenoids and wax esters. Average chain lengths (ACL) for alkanes in Oregon conifers decreased with increasing distance away from the Coastal range which suggests an adaptation by conifers to humid climate conditions. Differences in the chemical compositions make this information useful for chemotaxonomic purposes, for identifying natural organic aerosol input sources to the atmosphere, for comparison with the tracers in smoke emissions from burning of these biomass fuels, and for monitoring in assessment of global climate change

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Glacier retreat creating new Pacific salmon habitat in western North America

Nature Communications ◽

10.1038/s41467-021-26897-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Kara J. Pitman ◽

Jonathan W. Moore ◽

Matthias Huss ◽

Matthew R. Sloat ◽

Diane C. Whited ◽

...

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Climate Models ◽

Pacific Salmon ◽

Global Climate ◽

Global Climate Models ◽

Glacier Retreat ◽

Western North America ◽

Mountain Ranges ◽

Proactive Management ◽

The Pacific

AbstractGlacier retreat poses risks and benefits for species of cultural and economic importance. One example is Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), supporting subsistence harvests, and commercial and recreational fisheries worth billions of dollars annually. Although decreases in summer streamflow and warming freshwater is reducing salmon habitat quality in parts of their range, glacier retreat is creating new streams and lakes that salmon can colonize. However, potential gains in future salmon habitat associated with glacier loss have yet to be quantified across the range of Pacific salmon. Here we project future gains in Pacific salmon freshwater habitat by linking a model of glacier mass change for 315 glaciers, forced by five different Global Climate Models, with a simple model of salmon stream habitat potential throughout the Pacific Mountain ranges of western North America. We project that by the year 2100 glacier retreat will create 6,146 (±1,619) km of new streams accessible for colonization by Pacific salmon, of which 1,930 (±569) km have the potential to be used for spawning and juvenile rearing, representing 0 to 27% gains within the 18 sub-regions we studied. These findings can inform proactive management and conservation of Pacific salmon in this era of rapid climate change.

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Projected future suitable habitat and productivity of Douglas-fir in western North America

Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen ◽

10.3188/szf.2012.0070 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 163 (3) ◽

pp. 70-78 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Aaron R. Weiskittel ◽

Nicholas L. Crookston ◽

Gerald E. Rehfeldt

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

North America ◽

Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Douglas Fir ◽

Suitable Habitat ◽

Western North America ◽

Important Species ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Commercially Important

Projected future suitable habitat and productivity of Douglas-fir in western North America Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) is one of the most common and commercially important species in western North America. The species can occupy a range of habitats, is long-lived (up to 500 years), and highly productive. However, the future of Douglas-fir in western North America is highly uncertain due to the expected changes in climate conditions. This analysis presents a summary of work that utilizes an extensive network of inventory plots to project potential future changes in Douglas-fir habitat and productivity. By 2090, the amount of potential Douglas-fir habitat is projected to change little in terms of area (−4%). However, the habitat is expected to shift from coastal areas of North America to the interior. Corresponding changes in productivity are also projected as coastal areas experience reductions, while interior areas experience modest increases in productivity. Overall, the analysis indicates a sensitivity of Douglas-fir to climate and suggests that significant changes in North America are to be expected under climate change.

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The impact of bark beetle infestation on monoterpene emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation in Western North America

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions ◽

10.5194/acpd-12-29763-2012 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 12 (11) ◽

pp. 29763-29800 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. R. Berg ◽

C. L. Heald ◽

K. E. Huff Hartz ◽

A. G. Hallar ◽

A. J. H. Meddens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

British Columbia ◽

North America ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽

Organic Aerosol ◽

Western United States ◽

Mortality Data ◽

Western North America ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Over the last decade, extensive beetle outbreaks in Western North America have destroyed over 100 000 km2 of forest throughout British Columbia and the Western United States. Beetle infestations impact monoterpene emissions through both decreased emissions as trees are killed (mortality effect) and increased emissions in trees under attack (attack effect). We use 14 yr of beetle mortality data together with beetle-induced monoterpene concentration data in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model (CESM) to investigate the impact of beetle mortality and attack on monoterpene emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in Western North America. Regionally, beetle infestations may have a significant impact on monoterpene emissions and SOA concentrations, with up to a 4-fold increase in monoterpene emissions and up to a 40% increase in SOA concentrations in some years (following a scenario where the attack effect is based on observed lodgepole pine response). Responses to beetle attack depend on the extent of previous mortality and the number of trees under attack in a given year, which can vary greatly over space and time. Simulated enhancements peak in 2004 (British Columbia) and 2008 (US). Responses to beetle attack are shown to be substantially larger (up to a 3-fold localized increase in SOA concentrations) when following a scenario based on bark-beetle attack in spruce trees. Placed in the context of observations from the IMPROVE network, the changes in SOA concentrations due to beetle attack are in most cases small compared to the large annual and interannual variability in total organic aerosol which is driven by wildfire activity in Western North America. This indicates that most beetle-induced SOA changes are not likely detectable in current observation networks; however these changes may impede efforts to achieve natural visibility conditions in the national parks and wilderness areas of the Western United States.

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The impact of bark beetle infestations on monoterpene emissions and secondary organic aerosol formation in western North America

Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics ◽

10.5194/acp-13-3149-2013 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (6) ◽

pp. 3149-3161 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

A. R. Berg ◽

C. L. Heald ◽

K. E. Huff Hartz ◽

A. G. Hallar ◽

A. J. H. Meddens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

British Columbia ◽

North America ◽

Bark Beetle ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽

Organic Aerosol ◽

Western United States ◽

Western North America ◽

The Impact

Abstract. Over the last decade, extensive beetle outbreaks in western North America have destroyed over 100 000 km2 of forest throughout British Columbia and the western United States. Beetle infestations impact monoterpene emissions through both decreased emissions as trees are killed (mortality effect) and increased emissions in trees under attack (attack effect). We use 14 yr of beetle-induced tree mortality data together with beetle-induced monoterpene emission data in the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Earth System Model (CESM) to investigate the impact of beetle-induced tree mortality and attack on monoterpene emissions and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation in western North America. Regionally, beetle infestations may have a significant impact on monoterpene emissions and SOA concentrations, with up to a 4-fold increase in monoterpene emissions and up to a 40% increase in SOA concentrations in some years (in a scenario where the attack effect is based on observed lodgepole pine response). Responses to beetle attack depend on the extent of previous mortality and the number of trees under attack in a given year, which can vary greatly over space and time. Simulated enhancements peak in 2004 (British Columbia) and 2008 (US). Responses to beetle attack are shown to be substantially larger (up to a 3-fold localized increase in summertime SOA concentrations) in a scenario based on bark-beetle attack in spruce trees. Placed in the context of observations from the IMPROVE network, the changes in SOA concentrations due to beetle attack are in most cases small compared to the large annual and interannual variability in total organic aerosol which is driven by wildfire activity in western North America. This indicates that most beetle-induced SOA changes are not likely detectable in current observation networks; however, these changes may impede efforts to achieve natural visibility conditions in the national parks and wilderness areas of the western United States.

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Indigenous Peoples and Climate Change

Environmental Philosophy ◽

10.5840/envirophil202011792 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 75-92

Author(s):

Chie Sakakibara ◽

Elise Horensky ◽

Sloane Garelick ◽

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

North America ◽

Cultural Values ◽

Indigenous Peoples ◽

Sense Of Place ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Global Climate ◽

Natural Sciences ◽

Abstract Concepts ◽

Human Emotions

In this essay, we will discuss the lessons that we have learned in a course titled “Indigenous Peoples and Climate Change” regarding Indigenous efforts and epistemologies to cope with stresses and plights induced by global climate change. Primarily informed by humanistic perspectives, we examine how Indigenous peoples, especially those of North America, process climate change through their cultural values and social priorities, with a particular focus on human emotions or feelings associated with their homeland, which often called sense of place or belonging, in contrast to the abstract concepts that originate from the natural sciences.

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Tree-ring-based reconstructions of North American glacier mass balance through the Little Ice Age — Contemporary warming transition

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1016/j.yqres.2012.11.005 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 79 (2) ◽

pp. 123-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Nathan L. Malcomb ◽

Gregory C. Wiles

Keyword(s):

North America ◽

Mass Balance ◽

Tree Ring ◽

Little Ice Age ◽

Global Climate ◽

Ice Age ◽

Climate Forcing ◽

Glacier Mass Balance ◽

Western North America ◽

Regional Patterns

AbstractGlacier mass-balance reconstructions provide a means of placing relatively short observational records into a longer-term context. In western North America, mass-balance records span four to five decades and capture a relatively narrow window of glacial behavior over an interval that was dominated by warming and ablation. We use temperature- and moisture-sensitive tree-ring series to reconstruct annual mass balance for six glaciers in the Pacific Northwest and Alaska. Mass-balance models rely on the climatic sensitivity of tree-ring chronologies and teleconnection patterns in the North Pacific. The reconstructions extend through the mid to latter portions of the Little Ice Age (LIA) and explore the role of climate variability in forcing mass balance across multiple environmental gradients. Synchronous positive mass-balance intervals coincide with regional moraine building and solar minima, whereas differences in LIA glacier behavior are related to synoptic climate forcing. Secular warming in the late 19th century to present corresponds with the only multi-decadal intervals of negative mass balance in all glacier reconstructions. This suggests that contemporary retreat in western North America is unique with respect to the last several centuries and that regional patterns of glacier variability are now dominated by global climate forcing.

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Clay Minerals and Element Geochemistry of Clastic Reservoirs in the Xiaganchaigou Formation of the Lenghuqi Area, Northern Qaidam Basin, China

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min9110678 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 678 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Sun ◽

Wang ◽

Guo ◽

Wang ◽

Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clay Minerals ◽

Chemical Weathering ◽

Qaidam Basin ◽

Global Climate ◽

Sedimentary Environment ◽

Clay Mineralogy ◽

Late Eocene ◽

Element Geochemistry ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Climate Conditions

We performed mineralogical and geochemical analyses of core samples from the Lenghuqi area in the northern marginal tectonic belt of the Qaidam Basin. The clay mineralogy of the Xiaganchaigou Formation sandstone is dominated by I + I/S + C types and characterized by high illite, a higher mixed-layer illite/smectite and chlorite, lesser smectite, and an absence of kaolinite. The clay minerals reflect that the Oligocene sedimentary basin formed in an arid-semi-arid climate with weak leaching and chemical weathering, and that diagenesis occurred in a K+- and Mg2+-rich alkaline environment. Measured major oxide concentrations show clear correlations. The lower Xiaganchaigou Formation is representative of a dry and cold freshwater sedimentary environment, whereas the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation is warmer and more humid. Trace element and rare earth element variations indicate that the paleoclimate conditions of the lower Xiaganchaigou Formation sedimentary period were relatively cold and dry, while the upper Xiaganchaigou Formation formed under warmer and more humid climate conditions. These findings reflect a global climate of a cold and dry period from the late Eocene to early Oligocene, and a short warming period in the late Oligocene.

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REVIEW : PENGARUH PEMANASAN GLOBAL TERHADAP INTENSITAS SERANGAN KUTU KEBUL (Bemisia tabbaci Genn ) DAN CARA PENGENDALIANNYA PADA TANAMAN KEDELAI

BUANA SAINS ◽

10.33366/bs.v20i1.1935 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 99-110

Author(s):

I Made Indra Agastya ◽

Reza Prakoso Dwi Julianto ◽

Marwoto Marwoto

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Global Warming ◽

Global Climate Change ◽

Agricultural Development ◽

Global Climate ◽

Metabolic System ◽

Local Climate ◽

Climate Conditions ◽

Soybean Pest ◽

The Impact

Global warming has changed global, regional and local climate conditions. Global climate change is caused, among others, by the increase in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) due to various activities that drive the increase in the earth's temperature. Given that climate is a key element in the metabolic system, plant physiology and crop ecosystems, global climate change will adversely affect the sustainability of agricultural development. The impact of global climate change is the increasing population of pests on agricultural crops. One of the soybean pests whose population is increasing due to the increase in air temperature is the Bemisia tabbaci infestation. Increased pest populations of Bemesia tabbaci infestation in soybean crops cause dwarf leaves of dwarf plants and threatens to increase soybean production. Efforts to overcome the impact of global warming is mainly due to increased pest populations, it is necessary to think and seek breakthroughs to anticipate the explosion of pest populations in soybean crops, among others by: the optimization of natural control, physical and mechanical control and cultivation techniques. The combination of techniques or tactics of the optimal component of soybean pest control technology is established on the basis of appropriate information knowledge about soybean pest, ecosystem and socio-economic based on IPM approach.

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