scholarly journals Komitat Somogy im Spiegel der Angaben der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebszählung vom Jahre 1935.

2022 ◽  
pp. 121-131
Author(s):  
János Fritz
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Work Outcomes ◽  
Advocacy Organizations ◽  
Historical Comparison ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Agricultural Census

Purpose of the study. The study aims to present the most important findings of the analysis of the 1935 agricultural census in Somogy county, referring to the local solutions to the economic crisis. The situation in Somogy was unique since the county’s weight, dominated by large estates, increased in the Hungarian agricultural policy as the result of the Treaty of Trianon. Moreover, as leaders of national advocacy organizations, local agricultural leaders became key shapers of agricultural policy in these decades. Thus, an important question is to what extent the census’ data examined reflected the dominant role of these large landowners. Applied method. The study analyses statistical data and uses the method of historical comparison. Specifically, the 1935 Somogy County census data were analyzed and compared with the census data of 1895. The results thus obtained were compared with Somogy related conclusions of Kiss Albert’s work. Outcomes. One of the main objectives of the agricultural census carried out at the same time as the surveys of other countries was to test the impact of land reform that had recently been completed. On the other hand, the census was at some level part of the crisis management mechanism of the time, where intensification was the only way out of the agricultural crisis. Although this county was mainy dominated by large estates in the country, this is true even if we know from the analysis that by 1935 the proportion of large estates had decreased compared to the data of the 1895 survey. However, this decrease was not so much due to land reform, but rather to parcels and the increasing number of small leases. Somogy was in the middle in terms of intensification of agriculture, based on the national ranking. Although the division of labour and cooperation between large and small enterprises was becoming more and more common here, at that time, contrary to economic considerations, it was not yet possible completely get rid off the endevour of self-sufficiency on farms.

scholarly journals Objectives and means in Finnish agricultural policy

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-293
Author(s):  
Lauri Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Income Policy ◽  
Structural Policy ◽  
Production Policy ◽  
Self Sufficiency

The aims of the Finnish agricultural policy are to safeguard agricultural self-sufficiency and the evolution of farmers' income, to develop the structure of agriculture and to try to maintain the rural population. Price and income policy, production policy, structural policy and regional policy are applied to reach these objectives. The application is hampered partly by their contradictory effects. The most important instrument in Finnish agricultural policy has been the price policy. It has been based on price Acts, which have given general guidelines on the price level. In recent years, however, measures restricting production have become dominant in agricultural policy.

The Performance of British Agriculture and the Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy: An Historical Review

Rural History ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Burkitt ◽  
Mark Baimbridge
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Common External Tariff ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

United Kingdom (UK) accession into the European Economic Community (EEC), which became a political likelihood in 1970 and an actuality in 1973, led to a major change in agricultural policy away from a deficiency payments system supporting farmers' incomes towards the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) method of assistance through farm prices above the market level. Such a basic alteration in government activity not only imposed well-known and thoroughly researched costs on the British economy in the form of higher food prices and an additional burden of protection, it also undermined dominant post-1945 historical trends.Firstly, it reversed a thirty year old process towards greater British self-sufficiency Between 1938 and 1946 UK agricultural production rose in value from 42% to 52% of the country's food imports, while under the deficiency payments scheme, permanently established in peacetime by the 1947 Agriculture Act, the proportion of UK food consumption supplied by domestic producers grew steadily until it reached a level of just under 72% in 1972. EEC membership, involving compulsory adoption of the CAP, initially reversed this movement; British agricultural self-sufficiency fell to 66% in 1977, the year when the Common External Tariff (CET) was first applied in full. The higher import bill that inevitably resulted imposed a severe strain on the UK balance of payments, estimated by the pro-market. Heath government in 1970 at a net annual deterioration in the range of 18% to 26%.

Gewerkschaftliche Geschlechterpolitik

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Holland
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Gender Politics ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Gender Inequalities ◽  
German Trade ◽  
Historical Comparison ◽  
Positive Discrimination ◽  
Interpretation Patterns ◽  
Cross National

How are trade unions reacting to the persisting gender inequalities in the labour market in Germany and France? This study addresses this question using a historical comparison, a comparison of the organisations in question as well as a comparison of typical interpretation patterns of trade union gender politics. While gender relations in French trade unions turn out to be more egalitarian, positive discrimination of women is especially important in German trade unions. Historically, this can be explained by the development of different structures and the cultures of women’s employment and trade unions in both countries. However, gendered knowledge, which was reconstructed here from qualitative interviews with union secretaries, also shows cross-national similarities. Thus, the typology of interpretive patterns of union-based gender politics expresses parallel problems in the unequal division of labour between the sexes and the spread of precarious employment.

Land and territory: the interface between two systems of land tenure, Murang'a District, Kenya

Africa ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Mau Mau ◽  
Plateau Area ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
African Agriculture

Introduction: ‘Land Reform’ and Rural SecurityThe objective of this paper is to examine the nature of the interface between two systems of land tenure in an area of smallholdings, Murang'a District, Central Province, Kenya. The first, the ng'undu system, evolved in the fertile, dissected plateau area east of the Nyandarua Range since the Kikuyu migrated there in the early seventeenth century (Muriuki, 1974: 62–82; Government of Kenya, 1929: 6); the second, a freehold system of individual land tenure, was introduced by the colonial state in the mid-1950s as a political instrument to counter the force of Mau Mau (Lamb, 1974; Leys, 1975). The latter system, it was intended, would replace the former, thereby laying the basis for an intensification of African agriculture which was also, under the Swynnerton Plan, to include production for the urban and export markets (Heyer, 1981; House and Killick, 1983). Commitment to this same principle continues to inform present agricultural policy (Government of Kenya, 1984a, Kenya Development Plan 1984–1988, p. 187; 1986,: 88).

scholarly journals The integrated economic-geographical analysis of the Greater Poland voivodeship (Poland) and the Cherkasy region (Ukraine)

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Development ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Geographical Analysis ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Social And Economic Development ◽  
Economic Use

The integrated regional economic-geographical analysis of the Greater Poland Voivodeship (Poland) and the Cherkasy region (Ukraine) according to M. Baransky's scheme were done in the article. The economy and population of the regions were analyzed using such research methods: comparative, historical, statistical, economic zoning, remote monitoring. The most significant features of similarity and differences in economic use were determined in the article. The literature has yet to conduct a comprehensive comparative study of the regions of Poland and Ukraine, in particular, the Cherkasy region with the Polish provinces. So, we have investigated that the Greater Poland Voivodeship belongs to the strongest regions of Poland. This estimate is based on the following indicators: the size of the region, the population, including employment, the rate of GDP growth and its share per inhabitant, the level of industrial development, the pace of transformation, the dominant role of the private sector in the economy. An analysis of these indicators, conducted at the Institute for Market Economy Studies, shows that the Greater Poland is in the leading group of the best regions of the country. Cherkasy region belongs to agrarian-industrial regions of Ukraine. Based on results of the conducted research the following conclusions have been made: The formation of a civil society opens up broad preconditions for the development of industry and commodity products. Improving the assessment of social and economic development indicators, which was conducted in six areas: Financial self-sufficiency, Infrastructure development, Investment development and foreign economic cooperation, Labor market efficiency, Renewable energy and energy efficiency, and Economic efficiency about democratic progress and increase of investment attractiveness of the region. Study of comparative characteristics of socio-economic progress of regions of Ukraine and regions of Poland.

scholarly journals Digital Cyclical Ecological Regional Self-Sufficient Economy

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 104-111
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Bryndin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
Regional Economy ◽  
Business Models ◽  
The United States ◽  
Optimal Level ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Cheap Labour ◽  
Research Activities ◽  
Self Sufficiency

The economy is sphere of public work and the set of relations that form in the system of production, distribution, exchange and consumption. The paper examines the digital, cyclical, environmental and regional aspects of a cyclical digital environmental regional economy. The digital direction of the economy uses digital twins and robots as assistants to improve its quality, productivity and efficiency. The cyclical economy uses savings and profits to boost its competition and development. The environmental direction of the economy maintains the viability of the environment. The regional economy increases diversification and capacity of local production and preserves the environment in its territory regardless of the type of economic activity. Cyclical aspects of the economy of self-sufficiency mainly concern the financial round-up, and the closed reproduction cycle. Business models of cyclic reproduction realize its economic self-sufficiency. At present, Russia, China, the United States and EU integration education have achieved the optimal level of national economic self-sufficiency. Russia, the United States, and the EU have the necessary financial and human resources. At the same time, China, with excessive human resources, is pursuing a policy of expansion into developing and underdeveloped countries. The main reason for countries to abandon autarky policies in favor of globalization of research activities is the decline in profit levels. The reason for this situation lies in the availability of cheap labour and favourable economic conditions, and production in countries is therefore cheaper. The reason for globalization and the international division of labour lies in maximizing profits, and autarks in maximizing national production, i.e. self-sufficiency. The unity of the Autarky State must be ensured by the existence of economic, historical, cultural ties, as well as by national equilibrium.

Agricultural Policy and Land Reform

1970 ◽  
Vol 78 (4, Part 2) ◽  
pp. 906-947 ◽  
Author(s):  
Solon L. Barraclough
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Land Reform
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