scholarly journals Objectives and means in Finnish agricultural policy

1981 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 285-293
Author(s):  
Lauri Kettunen
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Income Policy ◽  
Structural Policy ◽  
Production Policy ◽  
Self Sufficiency

The aims of the Finnish agricultural policy are to safeguard agricultural self-sufficiency and the evolution of farmers' income, to develop the structure of agriculture and to try to maintain the rural population. Price and income policy, production policy, structural policy and regional policy are applied to reach these objectives. The application is hampered partly by their contradictory effects. The most important instrument in Finnish agricultural policy has been the price policy. It has been based on price Acts, which have given general guidelines on the price level. In recent years, however, measures restricting production have become dominant in agricultural policy.

The Performance of British Agriculture and the Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy: An Historical Review

Rural History ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian Burkitt ◽  
Mark Baimbridge
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Major Change ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Common External Tariff ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

United Kingdom (UK) accession into the European Economic Community (EEC), which became a political likelihood in 1970 and an actuality in 1973, led to a major change in agricultural policy away from a deficiency payments system supporting farmers' incomes towards the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) method of assistance through farm prices above the market level. Such a basic alteration in government activity not only imposed well-known and thoroughly researched costs on the British economy in the form of higher food prices and an additional burden of protection, it also undermined dominant post-1945 historical trends.Firstly, it reversed a thirty year old process towards greater British self-sufficiency Between 1938 and 1946 UK agricultural production rose in value from 42% to 52% of the country's food imports, while under the deficiency payments scheme, permanently established in peacetime by the 1947 Agriculture Act, the proportion of UK food consumption supplied by domestic producers grew steadily until it reached a level of just under 72% in 1972. EEC membership, involving compulsory adoption of the CAP, initially reversed this movement; British agricultural self-sufficiency fell to 66% in 1977, the year when the Common External Tariff (CET) was first applied in full. The higher import bill that inevitably resulted imposed a severe strain on the UK balance of payments, estimated by the pro-market. Heath government in 1970 at a net annual deterioration in the range of 18% to 26%.

scholarly journals Influence of price level of imported wine on competition in the wine-production sector in the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 317-322
Author(s):  
R. Černíková
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Import Price ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Import Prices ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Production Sector

The paper is a part of solution of the grant awarded by the Ministry of Agriculture (NAZV) No. QF 3276 and analyzes the influence of the price level of imported bottled wine on the competition in the wine-production sector in the Czech Republic. The comparison of the industrial producers’ prices in the Czech Republic with the average import prices of bottled wine in particular years brings us to conclusion that a threat for Czech producers is first the price of the imported table wine (white and red) at present. The average import prices of this wine category varied under the minimal average industrial producers’ prices in 1998–2003. The average import price of the white table wine in containers up to 2 liters was 19 CZK per liter in 2003 and the minimal average industrial producers’ price was 26.90 CZK per liter in the same year. The price level is higher in case of the red table wine in general, but the average annual import prices (in 2003, 23 CZK per liter) also varied under the minimal average industrial producers’ prices in all analyzed years (in 2003, 29.70 CZK per liter). The situation is more positive for the Czech wine producers in case of the quality wine. There is a space for an increase in price. The average import prices were by 25 CZK per liter per year higher in average than the maximal industrial producers’ prices in the Czech Republic in all analyzed years. However, while the average annual import price of the white quality wine increases (50 CZK per liter in 1998; 93 CZK per liter in 2003) and creates a bigger space for the Czech wine producers in the price policy, the average annual import prices of the red quality wine varied around 80 CZK per liter in all analyzed years.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union on the General Price Level of Countries that Joined in the Period from 2004 to 2007

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-255
Author(s):  
Ivana Stojanović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Common Agricultural Policy ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Agricultural Product ◽  
The European Union ◽  
General Price Level ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractApplication of The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) of the European Union implies the existence of a single market (without customs duties on mutual trade), the community’s priority in meeting the needs for agricultural products (protection against imports) and the existence of financial solidarity (joint financing). Joining the European Union for new member states implies the termination of the implementation of the existing national agricultural policy and the the beginning of the implementation of the CAP. Although membership in the European Union implies many advantages, the period after joining this community can be quite economically unstable for some countries. One of the most significant problems is an increase in agricultural product prices and a rise in the general price level (inflation). The above can be confirmed by a simple empirical analysis of the economic indicators of the countries that joined the EU together in the period from 2004 until 2007.

scholarly journals An Econometric model for the Finnish egg industry

1976 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 427-521
Author(s):  
Markku Nevala
Keyword(s):  
Egg Production ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Econometric Model ◽  
Price Policy ◽  
Price System ◽  
Policy Mix ◽  
Target Price ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Government

An econometric model for the Finnish egg industry was derived in this study to provide information concerning the impact of alternative price policies on the development of the egg industry for price policy analyses. The basic model specified in this study is an eight-equation model including distributed lag formulations and consisting of three different blocks. The basic assumption behind the model specification is that the price levels of eggs are mainly determined by the target price level (set up by the government) and the domestic market situation. Producers are assumed to respond to changes in the producer price of eggs and in the other factors influencing the profitability of egg production. The basic model was estimated on the basis of semiannual observations from period 1956-70. In addition, the stability of the coefficients of production equations in the model over the years was tested by using the stepwise regression method. The structure of the basic model was evaluated by means of deterministic simulations to gain some idea of the model’s ability to simulate the actual development of the egg industry. Both historical simulations and ex-post forecast simulations were conducted and the »goodness of fit» was tested by the use of Theil’s inequality coefficients and graphical examinations. The basic model was also used for analyzing the price policy pursued by the government in period 1956-70 in order to illustrate the type of analyses that can be conducted by the basic model. An alternative policy mix consisting of the target price system for maintaining the domestic market balance and the direct payment scheme for attaining the income target of producers was defined. Given the assumptions made in this study this policy mix would have been a more effective policy tool from the standpoint of society for attaining the policy goals than the target price system as implemented in that period. Similar conclusions can be also drawn from the results of the ex-post price policy simulations, in which the target price level was assumed to be used for adjusting the domestic egg production gradually to the domestic consumption. Also in this alternative the government was assumed to bear the burden of attaining the income target of producers in the system by the use of direct payments. However, we must point out that results depend on the assumptions necessary for computations of this type.

scholarly journals Competitiveness of the Finnish Agriculture after ten years in the EU

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 448-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Tomšík ◽  
E. Rosochatecká
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Single Market ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Competitive Disadvantage ◽  
Export Subsidies ◽  
The Common ◽  
National Border ◽  
The Eu

Finnish agriculture changed radically with the EU joining in 1995. The commitment of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) led to unprecedented changes in economic environment – in agriculture as in processing industry. Finland lost the possibility to regulate the original price level of agricultural products supported by the national border protection and export subsidies. Prices guaranteed by the EU are much lower today than before the EU-membership. Recently, Finland has evaluated ten years being an EU member. Despite its competitive disadvantage, given mostly by unfavourable production conditions, Finnish agriculture has not lost within the competitive environment of the single market and it has tried to take advantage of the opportunities offered by the CAP. The article recapitulates the ten year effort of Finnish agriculture to ensure the competitiveness within the EU single market.

Effectiveness of State Support for Regional Agriculture

2020 ◽  
pp. 36-41
Author(s):  
E.A. Klimentova ◽  
◽  
A.A. Dubovitskiy ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Agricultural Products ◽  
State Support ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Destructive Factor

The article analyzes the effectiveness of measures of state support for regional agricultural enterprises. Special attention is paid to the study of the level of achievement of the stated goals of the State program for the development of agriculture and regulation of markets for agricultural products, raw materials and food in the Tambov region. It was revealed that it was not possible to achieve all the goals set at the moment. There has not yet been a drastic increase in the level of self-sufficiency of the region with many basic food products and the level of economic availability of food. In the region, a serious decline in soil fertility continues and the problem of employment of the rural population has not been fully resolved. A destructive factor in the implementation of goals is that many of them are “blurred”, and some of them do not have any means of evaluation, i.e., target indicators and indexes. Based on the analysis, the authors developed proposals for clarifying the stated goals in terms of specificity and feasibility, linking the goals with the implementation of specific program-target and project tools, and assigning appropriate indicators (indexes) to each of them.

Structural policy priorities: A regional dimension

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 600-622
Author(s):  
Konstantin V. KRINICHANSKII ◽  
Aleksei S. LAVRENT'EV
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Goal Setting ◽  
Regional Policy ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Structural Policy ◽  
Technological Readiness ◽  
Regional Development Strategy ◽  
Russian Region ◽  
Healthcare Innovation

Subject. This article develops an algorithm to identify priorities in the structural policy of regions and countries. Objectives. The article aims to develop and test a methodological approach to identifying the priorities of the structural policy of the Russian region. Methods. For the study, we used the k-means and geographical filtration methods. Results. The article proposes an approach to identifying the priorities of regional structural policy based on the benchmark methodology. Testing the approach in the Chelyabinsk Oblast helped define the priority areas of structural policy, which are the business environment, healthcare, innovation and technological readiness. The article offers certain recommendations to improve the situation in these areas. Conclusions. Identifying and ranking the problems of socio-economic development is important for the regional policy goal-setting, regional development strategy adjustments, and the design of a structural reform package.

scholarly journals Synchronization of mechanisms for realizing the interests of the population in rural territories

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 ◽  
pp. 06015
Author(s):  
Seyidullah Khanmagomedov ◽  
Mukail Mukailov ◽  
Nazima Ulchibekova ◽  
Abdulkadi Yusufov ◽  
Tamila Ashurbekova
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Federal District ◽  
The State ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Effective Development

The subject of the research is an expert analytical assessment of the arguments for enhancing the manifestation of interest and the adoption of programs by the country’s top authorities to improve agricultural policy, accelerate the development of conditions and mechanisms for the implementation of socio-economic problems and interests of the population of rural areas. Using the methods of economic and statistical analysis and logistic and expert assessment, chronic and urgent problems in agro-industrial production, in social engineering, stimulating the interests of the rural population and developing new mechanisms for their implementation are analyzed. Results. The assessment of the state of social engineering infrastructure at the level of the region, federal district and country is given. A model of the mechanism for motivating and realizing the socio-economic interests of the population of rural areas, the author’s presentation of the visions of experts, agricultural scientists on the role of the state and modern agricultural policy in the effective development of agricultural sectors and improving the quality of life in rural areas are proposed. Conclusions. The importance of the adopted new State Program for the integrated development of rural areas was noted, priority directions and ways of developing the mechanism for realizing socio-economic interests, increasing the level of employment and consumer ability of the rural population, etc.

Underemployment in Agriculture

New India ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 33-55
Author(s):  
Arvind Panagariya
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Agricultural Output ◽  
Agricultural Growth ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
History Of ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Way

The chapter begins with a history of agricultural policy in India. It goes on to argue that policies aimed at improving outcomes within agriculture alone cannot bring prosperity to those engaged in it. Today, agriculture employs 44 percent of India’s workforce but produces at most 17 percent of GDP. With the overall GDP per capita itself low, agricultural output per worker is extremely low, indicating gross underemployment of labor. Therefore, marketing reforms that shift prices in favor of the farmer and against intermediaries cannot go very far. With self-sufficiency in agriculture, increases in productivity will likely result in lower prices rather than higher revenues. Besides, agricultural growth rarely exceeds 4.5 percent over even a decade-long period. Scope for increased incomes through diversification within agriculture into horticulture, fisheries, and animal husbandry is also limited. The upshot is that the only avenue to increasing agricultural incomes rapidly is to pave the way for half or more of the farm workforce to migrate into industry and services.

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