Effects of Cold Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy for Recovery From Team Sport

2017 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 1443-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Trevor R. Higgins ◽  
David A. Greene ◽  
Michael K. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Water Therapy ◽  
Contrast Water Therapy

scholarly journals Cold-Water Immersion and Contrast Water Therapy: No Improvement of Short-Term Recovery After Resistance Training

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 886-892 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christos K. Argus ◽  
James R. Broatch ◽  
Aaron C. Petersen ◽  
Remco Polman ◽  
David J. Bishop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resistance Training ◽  
Performance Measures ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Contrast Water Therapy

Context:An athlete’s ability to recover quickly is important when there is limited time between training and competition. As such, recovery strategies are commonly used to expedite the recovery process.Purpose:To determine the effectiveness of both cold-water immersion (CWI) and contrast water therapy (CWT) compared with control on short-term recovery (<4 h) after a single full-body resistance-training session.Methods:Thirteen men (age 26 ± 5 y, weight 79 ± 7 kg, height 177 ± 5 cm) were assessed for perceptual (fatigue and soreness) and performance measures (maximal voluntary isometric contraction [MVC] of the knee extensors, weighted and unweighted countermovement jumps) before and immediately after the training session. Subjects then completed 1 of three 14-min recovery strategies (CWI, CWT, or passive sitting [CON]), with the perceptual and performance measures reassessed immediately, 2 h, and 4 h postrecovery.Results:Peak torque during MVC and jump performance were significantly decreased (P < .05) after the resistance-training session and remained depressed for at least 4 h postrecovery in all conditions. Neither CWI nor CWT had any effect on perceptual or performance measures over the 4-h recovery period.Conclusions:CWI and CWT did not improve short-term (<4-h) recovery after a conventional resistance-training session.

Effects of Water Immersion on Posttraining Recovery in Australian Footballers

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 357-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Elias ◽  
Matthew C. Varley ◽  
Victoria L. Wyckelsma ◽  
Michael J. McKenna ◽  
Clare L. Minahan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Soreness ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Psychometric Measures ◽  
Australian Football ◽  
Repeat Sprint Ability ◽  
Contrast Water Therapy ◽  
Squat Jumps ◽  
Repeat Sprint

Purpose:The authors investigated the efficacy of a single exposure to 14 min of cold-water immersion (COLD) and contrast water therapy (CWT) on posttraining recovery in Australian football (AF).Method:Fourteen AF players participated in 3 wk of standardized training. After week 1 training, all players completed a passive recovery (PAS). During week 2, COLD or CWT was randomly assigned. Players undertook the opposing intervention in week 3. Repeat-sprint ability (6 × 20 m), countermovement and squat jumps, perceived muscle soreness, and fatigue were measured pretraining and over 48 h posttraining.Results:Immediately posttraining, groups exhibited similar performance and psychometric declines. At 24 h, repeat-sprint time had deteriorated by 4.1% for PAS and 1.0% for CWT but was fully restored by COLD (0.0%). At 24 and 48 h, both COLD and CWT attenuated changes in mean muscle soreness, with COLD (0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.4) more effective than CWT (1.9 ± 0.7 and 1.0 ± 0.7) and PAS having minimal effect (5.5 ± 0.6 and 4.0 ± 0.5). Similarly, after 24 and 48 h, COLD and CWT both effectively reduced changes in perceived fatigue, with COLD (0.6 ± 0.6 and 0.0 ± 0.6) being more successful than CWT (0.8 ± 0.6 and 0.7 ± 0.6) and PAS having the smallest effect (2.2 ± 0.8 and 2.4 ± 0.6).Conclusions:AF training can result in prolonged physical and psychometric deficits persisting for up to 48 h. For restoring physical-performance and psychometric measures, COLD was more effective than CWT, with PAS being the least effective. Based on these results the authors recommend that 14 min of COLD be used after AF training.

Effectiveness of Water Immersion on Postmatch Recovery in Elite Professional Footballers

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 243-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
George P. Elias ◽  
Victoria L. Wyckelsma ◽  
Matthew C. Varley ◽  
Michael J. McKenna ◽  
Robert J. Aughey
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Jump Performance ◽  
Football Match ◽  
Psychometric Measures ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Repeat Sprint Ability ◽  
Contrast Water Therapy

Purpose:The efficacy of a single exposure to 14 min of contrast water therapy (CWT) or cold-water immersion (COLD) on recovery postmatch in elite professional footballers was investigated.Method:Twenty-four elite footballers participated in a match followed by 1 of 3 recovery interventions. Recovery was monitored for 48 h postmatch. Repeat-sprint ability (6 × 20-m), static and countermovement jump performance, perceived soreness, and fatigue were measured prematch and immediately, 24 h, and 48 h after the match. Soreness and fatigue were also measured 1 h postmatch. Postmatch, players were randomly assigned to complete passive recovery (PAS; n = 8), COLD (n = 8), or CWT (n = 8).Results:Immediately postmatch, all groups exhibited similar psychometric and performance decrements, which persisted for 48 h only in the PAS group. Repeatsprinting performance remained slower at 24 and 48 h for PAS (3.9% and 2.0%) and CWT (1.6% and 0.9%) but was restored by COLD (0.2% and 0.0%). Soreness after 48 h was most effectively attenuated by COLD (ES 0.59 ± 0.10) but remained elevated for CWT (ES 2.39 ± 0.29) and PAS (ES 4.01 ± 0.97). Similarly, COLD more successfully reduced fatigue after 48 h (ES 1.02 ± 0.72) than did CWT (ES 1.22 ± 0.38) and PAS (ES 1.91 ± 0.67). Declines in static and countermovement jump were ameliorated best by COLD.Conclusions:An elite professional football match results in prolonged physical and psychometric deficits for 48 h. COLD was more successful at restoring physical performance and psychometric measures than CWT, with PAS being the poorest.

The Beneficial Effect of Parasympathetic Reactivation on Sympathetic Drive During Simulated Rugby Sevens

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 480-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Douglas ◽  
Daniel J. Plews ◽  
Phil J. Handcock ◽  
Nancy J. Rehrer
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Average Heart Rate ◽  
Performance Task ◽  
Parasympathetic Reactivation ◽  
Natural Logarithm ◽  
Repeated Sprint ◽  
The Mean

Purpose:To determine whether a facilitated recovery via cold-water immersion (CWI) after simulated rugby sevens would influence parasympathetic reactivation and repeated-sprint (RS) performance across 6 matches in a 2-d tournament.Methods:Ten male team-sport athletes completed 6 rugby sevens match simulations over 2 d with either postmatch passive recovery (PAS) or CWI in a randomized crossover design. Parasympathetic reactivation was determined via the natural logarithm of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent R-R intervals (ln rMSSD). RS performance was calculated as time taken (s) to complete 6 × 30-m sprints within the first half of each match.Results:There were large increases in postintervention ln rMSSD between CWI and PAS after all matches (ES 90% CL: +1.13; ±0.21). Average heart rate (HR) during the RS performance task (HRAverage RS) was impaired from baseline from match 3 onward for both conditions. However, HRAverage RS was higher with CWI than with PAS (ES 90% CL: 0.58; ±0.58). Peak HR during the RS performance task (HRPeak RS) was similarly impaired from baseline for match 3 onward during PAS and for match 4 onward with CWI. HRPeak RS was very likely higher with CWI than with PAS (ES 90% CL: +0.80; ±0.56). No effects of match or condition were observed for RS performance, although there were moderate correlations between the changes in HRAverage RS (r 90% CL: –0.33; ±0.14), HRPeak RS (r 90% CL: –0.38; ±0.13), and RS performance.Conclusion:CWI facilitated cardiac parasympathetic reactivation after a simulated rugby sevens match. The decline in average and peak HR across matches was partially attenuated by CWI. This decline was moderately correlated with a reduction in RS performance.

Patient Involvement in Treatment Decision Making Can Help or Hinder Placebo Analgesia

2014 ◽  
Vol 222 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew L. Geers ◽  
Jason P. Rose ◽  
Stephanie L. Fowler ◽  
Jill A. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Patient Involvement ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Prior Experience ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Treatment Decision ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Not Given ◽  
Placebo Analgesia ◽  
Treatment Decision Making ◽  
Immersion Experience

Experiments have found that choosing between placebo analgesics can reduce pain more than being assigned a placebo analgesic. Because earlier research has shown prior experience moderates choice effects in other contexts, we tested whether prior experience with a pain stimulus moderates this placebo-choice association. Before a cold water pain task, participants were either told that an inert cream would reduce their pain or they were not told this information. Additionally, participants chose between one of two inert creams for the task or they were not given choice. Importantly, we also measured prior experience with cold water immersion. Individuals with prior cold water immersion experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia when given choice, whereas participants without this experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia without choice. Prior stimulus experience appears to moderate the effect of choice on placebo analgesia.

Thermoregulatory responses to cold water at different times of day

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 243-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Castellani ◽  
Andrew J. Young ◽  
James E. Kain ◽  
Michael N. Sawka
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Early Morning ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Mean Skin Temperature ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Metabolic Heat ◽  
Body Temperature Change ◽  
The Mean

This study examined how time of day affects thermoregulation during cold-water immersion (CWI). It was hypothesized that the shivering and vasoconstrictor responses to CWI would differ at 0700 vs. 1500 because of lower initial core temperatures (Tcore) at 0700. Nine men were immersed (20°C, 2 h) at 0700 and 1500 on 2 days. No differences ( P > 0.05) between times were observed for metabolic heat production (M˙, 150 W ⋅ m−2), heat flow (250 W ⋅ m−2), mean skin temperature (T sk, 21°C), and the mean body temperature-change in M˙(ΔM˙) relationship. Rectal temperature (Tre) was higher ( P < 0.05) before (Δ = 0.4°C) and throughout CWI during 1500. The change in Tre was greater ( P < 0.05) at 1500 (−1.4°C) vs. 0700 (−1.2°C), likely because of the higher Tre-T skgradient (0.3°C) at 1500. These data indicate that shivering and vasoconstriction are not affected by time of day. These observations raise the possibility that CWI may increase the risk of hypothermia in the early morning because of a lower initial Tcore.

scholarly journals Recovery strategies implemented by sport support staff of elite rugby players in South Africa

2009 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
D.V. Van Wyk ◽  
M.I. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Cold Water ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Total Duration ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Support Staff ◽  
Medical Support ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Recovery Strategies ◽  
Rugby Players

Objective: The main aim of this study was to determine strategies used toaccelerate recovery of elite rugby players after training and matches, asused by medical support staff of rugby teams in South A frica. A  secondaryaim was to focus on specifics of implementing ice/cold water immersion asrecovery strategy. Design: A  Questionnaire-based cross sectional descriptive survey was used.Setting and Participants: Most (n=58) of the medical support staff ofrugby teams (doctors, physiotherapists, biokineticists and fitness trainers)who attended the inaugural Rugby Medical A ssociation conference linked to the South A frican Sports MedicineA ssociation Conference in Pretoria (14-16th November, 2007) participated in the study. Results: Recovery strategies were utilized mostly after matches. Stretching and ice/cold water immersion were utilized the most (83%). More biokineticists and fitness trainers advocated the usage of stretching than their counter-parts (medical doctors and physiotherapists). Ice/Cold water immersion and A ctive Recovery were the top two ratedstrategies. A  summary of the details around implementation of ice/cold water therapy is shown (mean) as utilized bythe subjects: (i) The time to immersion after matches was 12±9 min; (ii) The total duration of one immersion sessionwas 6±6 min; (iii) 3 immersion sessions per average training week was utilized by subjects; (iv) The average water temperature was 10±3 ºC.; (v) Ice cubes were used most frequently to cool water for immersion sessions, and(vi) plastic drums were mostly used as the container for water. Conclusion: In this survey the representative group of support staff provided insight to which strategies are utilizedin South A frican elite rugby teams to accelerate recovery of players after training and/or matches.

scholarly journals Cold-water immersion following sprint interval training does not alter endurance signaling pathways or training adaptations in human skeletal muscle

2017 ◽  
Vol 313 (4) ◽  
pp. R372-R384 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Broatch ◽  
Aaron Petersen ◽  
David J. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Biogenesis ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
P53 Protein ◽  
Water Immersion ◽  
Interval Training ◽  
Cold Water Immersion ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Sprint Interval Training ◽  
Single Session

We investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms by which postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) may alter key markers of mitochondrial biogenesis following both a single session and 6 wk of sprint interval training (SIT). Nineteen men performed a single SIT session, followed by one of two 15-min recovery conditions: cold-water immersion (10°C) or a passive room temperature control (23°C). Sixteen of these participants also completed 6 wk of SIT, each session followed immediately by their designated recovery condition. Four muscle biopsies were obtained in total, three during the single SIT session (preexercise, postrecovery, and 3 h postrecovery) and one 48 h after the last SIT session. After a single SIT session, phosphorylated (p-)AMPK, p-p38 MAPK, p-p53, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α ( PGC-1α) mRNA were all increased ( P < 0.05). Postexercise CWI had no effect on these responses. Consistent with the lack of a response after a single session, regular postexercise CWI had no effect on PGC-1α or p53 protein content. Six weeks of SIT increased peak aerobic power, maximal oxygen consumption, maximal uncoupled respiration (complexes I and II), and 2-km time trial performance ( P < 0.05). However, regular CWI had no effect on changes in these markers, consistent with the lack of response in the markers of mitochondrial biogenesis. Although these observations suggest that CWI is not detrimental to endurance adaptations following 6 wk of SIT, they question whether postexercise CWI is an effective strategy to promote mitochondrial biogenesis and improvements in endurance performance.

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