The water soluble organic carbon of the prevalent atmospheric aerosol sources (traffic exhausts, paved road dust, agricultural soil, native soil, wood combustion, epicuticular waxes from pine and broad-leaved trees, and pollen) has been characterized using 1H (1-dimensional), 1H-1H-correlation spectroscopy and 1H-13C-heteronuclear single quantum correlation 2-dimensional (2D) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Traffic exhaust particles were mainly constituted of primary alcohols, carbohydrates, functionalized olefins, C3 and C4 oxy- and hydroxyl-carboxylic acids, and short-chain alkanes. Road dust was a mixture of soil particles and traffic components. Agricultural, natural, road dust, and traffic particles contained broad signals that were attributed to poly-carboxylic compounds typically found in humic compounds and humic-like substances. Traces of traffic particles (ie, peaks in the 7.3-7.5 ppm [phthalic acid derivatives] and signals found in the 0.5-3 ppm originating from functionalized carboxylic acids) were also found in natural soil dust. Long-chain (>C3) fatty acids and amino acids were found in road dust, natural soil, pine trees waxes, pollen, and woodburning. The aromatic region mainly constituted of lignin derivatives and cellulose/hemicellulose pyrolysis products (signals in 2D-NMR) in woodburning. Primary biogenic and woodburning particles were uniquely clustered as compared to traffic exhausts, road, agricultural, and natural dust based on the relative ratio of hydro-oxygenated functional groups (H-C-O and H-C-C=O) to the sum of aliphatics. Overall, source-specific NMR spectrometric fingerprints, functional composition profiles, and several organic compounds were identified allowing for the reconciliation of ambient organic aerosol sources including the degree of atmospheric aging.
Tracing of atmospheric aerosol sources using stable carbon isotopes
