scholarly journals Large-scale reorganization at multiple levels of the somatosensory pathway follows therapeutic amputation of the hand in monkeys

1995 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 8083-8095 ◽  
Author(s):  
SL Florence ◽  
JH Kaas
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Somatosensory Pathway

scholarly journals Diffusion MRI data, sulcal anatomy, and tractography for eight species from the Primate Brain Bank

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine L. Bryant ◽  
Dirk Jan Ardesch ◽  
Lea Roumazeilles ◽  
Lianne H. Scholtens ◽  
Alexandre A. Khrapitchev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Mri ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Relative Volume ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Brain Bank ◽  
Cingulum Bundle ◽  
Primate Brain ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Comparative Neuroscience

AbstractLarge-scale comparative neuroscience requires data from many species and, ideally, at multiple levels of description. Here, we contribute to this endeavor by presenting diffusion and structural MRI data from eight primate species that have not or rarely been described in the literature. The selected samples from the Primate Brain Bank cover a prosimian, New and Old World monkeys, and a great ape. We present preliminary labelling of the cortical sulci and tractography of the optic radiation, dorsal part of the cingulum bundle, and dorsal parietal–frontal and ventral temporal-frontal longitudinal white matter tracts. Both dorsal and ventral association fiber systems could be observed in all samples, with the dorsal tracts occupying much less relative volume in the prosimian than in other species. We discuss the results in the context of known primate specializations and present hypotheses for further research. All data and results presented here are available online as a resource for the scientific community.

scholarly journals Peptidergic control of food intake and digestion in insects 1This review is part of a virtual symposium on recent advances in understanding a variety of complex regulatory processes in insect physiology and endocrinology, including development, metabolism, cold hardiness, food intake and digestion, and diuresis, through the use of omics technologies in the postgenomic era.

2012 ◽  
Vol 90 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Spit ◽  
L. Badisco ◽  
H. Verlinden ◽  
P. Van Wielendaele ◽  
S. Zels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Endocrine Cells ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Regulatory Peptides ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
Peptide Precursor ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Physiological Tasks ◽  
Saliva Production

Like all heterotrophic organisms, insects require a strict control of food intake and efficient digestion of food into nutrients to maintain homeostasis and to fulfill physiological tasks. Feeding and digestion are steered by both external and internal signals that are transduced by a multitude of regulatory factors, delivered either by neurons innervating the gut or mouthparts, or by midgut endocrine cells. The present review gives an overview of peptide regulators known to control feeding and digestion in insects. We describe the discovery and functional role in these processes for insect allatoregulatory peptides, diuretic hormones, FMRFamide-related peptides, (short) neuropeptide F, proctolin, saliva production stimulating peptides, kinins, and tachykinins. These peptides control either gut myoactivity, food intake, and (or) release of digestive enzymes. Some peptides exert their action at multiple levels, possibly having a biological function that depends on their site of delivery. Many regulatory peptides have been physically extracted from different insect species. However, multiple peptidomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and genome sequencing projects have led to increased discovery and prediction of peptide (precursor) and receptor sequences. In combination with physiological experiments, these large-scale projects have already led to important steps forward in unraveling the physiology of feeding and digestion in insects.

scholarly journals Measuring the Reliability of Diagnostic Mastery Classifications at Multiple Levels of Reporting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Jake Thompson ◽  
Amy K. Clark ◽  
Brooke Nash
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Diagnostic Assessment ◽  
Measures Of Association ◽  
State Accountability ◽  
Simulation Based ◽  
Reliability Methods ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Academic Content

As the use of diagnostic assessment systems transitions from research applications to large-scale assessments for accountability purposes, reliability methods that provide evidence at each level of reporting must are needed. The purpose of this paper is to summarize one simulation-based method for estimating and reporting reliability for an operational, large-scale, diagnostic assessment system. This assessment system reports the results and associated reliability evidence at the individual skill level for each academic content standard and broader content strands. The system also summarizes results for the overall subject using achievement levels, which are often included in state accountability metrics. Results are summarized as measures of association between true and estimated mastery status for each level of reporting.

scholarly journals Learning Representations in Model-Free Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 10009-10010
Author(s):  
Jacob Rafati ◽  
David C. Noelle
Keyword(s):  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Temporal Abstraction ◽  
State Spaces ◽  
Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Small Set ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Novel Model

Common approaches to Reinforcement Learning (RL) are seriously challenged by large-scale applications involving huge state spaces and sparse delayed reward feedback. Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (HRL) methods attempt to address this scalability issue by learning action selection policies at multiple levels of temporal abstraction. Abstraction can be had by identifying a relatively small set of states that are likely to be useful as subgoals, in concert with the learning of corresponding skill policies to achieve those subgoals. Many approaches to subgoal discovery in HRL depend on the analysis of a model of the environment, but the need to learn such a model introduces its own problems of scale. Once subgoals are identified, skills may be learned through intrinsic motivation, introducing an internal reward signal marking subgoal attainment. We present a novel model-free method for subgoal discovery using incremental unsupervised learning over a small memory of the most recent experiences of the agent. When combined with an intrinsic motivation learning mechanism, this method learns subgoals and skills together, based on experiences in the environment. Thus, we offer an original approach to HRL that does not require the acquisition of a model of the environment, suitable for large-scale applications. We demonstrate the efficiency of our method on a variant of the rooms environment.

The Filmmaker as DJ

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 281-317
Author(s):  
Todd Decker
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Musical Form ◽  
Close Analysis ◽  
Constituent Element ◽  
Film Images ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Racial Performance ◽  
First Time ◽  
Music Recordings ◽  
Film Form

Filmmaker Martin Scorsese’s Casino (1995) is structured around a compiled score of almost sixty popular music recordings. Scorsese himself, working with editor Thelma Schoonmaker and using digital editing tools for the first time, assembled and arranged a diverse body of pre-existing music into a unified score that plays for more than two of the film’s three hours. This article offers a close analysis of Scorsese acting as composer—crafting Casino’s compiled score in the manner of a DJ—and, in reciprocal fashion, editing film images and narrative to recorded music. Casino demonstrates highly varied, multivalent relationships between musical form and film form. Indeed, musical form proves a constituent element of Casino’s construction at multiple levels of magnification. The large-scale form of the score as a whole articulates the larger arc of Casino’s dual narrative. The strategic deployment of musical styles (from jazz to rock to pop) and the targeted use of lyrics as voiceover (often subtly deploying aspects of racial performance in popular styles) serve to differentiate narrative strands and fill out otherwise unspoken characterization. Scorsese builds several sequences in Casino on a direct, often audible relationship between song forms and narrative unfolding, creating song scenes in which compiled tracks heard as musical wholes grant a musical shape to discrete narrative units. Casino’s complex use of music does not, however, penetrate the inner lives of the film’s three primary characters, who seem unaware of the musical flow Scorsese employs to set their story dancing. The analysis draws upon the filmmaker’s own words about his creative process and offers select comparisons to other Scorsese films with compiled scores.

scholarly journals Systems Science and Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review and New Directions

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asheley Cockrell Skinner ◽  
E. Michael Foster
Keyword(s):  
Childhood Obesity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Systems Science ◽  
Community Characteristics ◽  
New Directions ◽  
Systems Models ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Current Systems

As a public health problem, childhood obesity operates at multiple levels, ranging from individual health behaviors to school and community characteristics to public policies. Examining obesity, particularly childhood obesity, from any single perspective is likely to fail, and systems science methods offer a possible solution. We systematically reviewed studies that examined the causes and/or consequences of obesity from a systems science perspective. The 21 included studies addressed four general areas of systems science in obesity: (1) translating interventions to a large scale, (2) the effect of obesity on other health or economic outcomes, (3) the effect of geography on obesity, and (4) the effect of social networks on obesity. In general, little research addresses obesity from a true, integrated systems science perspective, and the available research infrequently focuses on children. This shortcoming limits the ability of that research to inform public policy. However, we believe that the largely incremental approaches used in current systems science lay a foundation for future work and present a model demonstrating the system of childhood obesity. Systems science perspective and related methods are particularly promising in understanding the link between childhood obesity and adult outcomes. Systems models emphasize the evolution of agents and their interactions; such evolution is particularly salient in the context of a developing child.

Transforming Governance: How National Policies and Organizations for Managing Disaster Recovery Evolved following the 4 September 2010 and 22 February 2011 Canterbury Earthquakes

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 577-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurie A. Johnson ◽  
Ljubica Mamula-Seadon
Keyword(s):  
Disaster Recovery ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
National Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Government Capacity ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Recovery Management ◽  
New Institutions

Large-scale disasters simultaneously deplete capital stock and services which then requires many complex rebuilding and societal activities to happen in a compressed time period; one of those is governance. Governments often create new institutions or adapt existing institutions to cope with the added demands. Over two years following the 4 September 2010 and 22 February 2011 Canterbury earthquakes, governance transformations have increasingly centralized recovery authority and operations at the national level. This may have helped to strengthen coordination among national agencies and expedite policy and decision making; but the effectiveness of coordination among multiple levels of government, capacity building at the local and regional levels, and public engagement and deliberation of key decisions are some areas where the transformations may not have been as effective. The Canterbury case offers many lessons for future disaster recovery management in New Zealand, the United States, and the world.

scholarly journals Top-down models in biology: explanation and control of complex living systems above the molecular level

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (124) ◽  
pp. 20160555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Pezzulo ◽  
Michael Levin
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Living Systems ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Least Action ◽  
Levels Of Organization ◽  
Molecular Events ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
And Control ◽  
Current Paradigm

It is widely assumed in developmental biology and bioengineering that optimal understanding and control of complex living systems follows from models of molecular events. The success of reductionism has overshadowed attempts at top-down models and control policies in biological systems. However, other fields, including physics, engineering and neuroscience, have successfully used the explanations and models at higher levels of organization, including least-action principles in physics and control-theoretic models in computational neuroscience. Exploiting the dynamic regulation of pattern formation in embryogenesis and regeneration requires new approaches to understand how cells cooperate towards large-scale anatomical goal states. Here, we argue that top-down models of pattern homeostasis serve as proof of principle for extending the current paradigm beyond emergence and molecule-level rules. We define top-down control in a biological context, discuss the examples of how cognitive neuroscience and physics exploit these strategies, and illustrate areas in which they may offer significant advantages as complements to the mainstream paradigm. By targeting system controls at multiple levels of organization and demystifying goal-directed (cybernetic) processes, top-down strategies represent a roadmap for using the deep insights of other fields for transformative advances in regenerative medicine and systems bioengineering.

Risk and Resilience in Development

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann S. Masten
Keyword(s):  
Adaptive Systems ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Children And Youth ◽  
Risk And Resilience ◽  
Positive Adaptation ◽  
New Horizons ◽  
Core Concepts ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Resilience Science

Findings from five decades of research on risk and resilience in children and youth are highlighted in this chapter, with a focus on positive adaptation in the context of conditions that could pose a significant threat to function or development. The origins of developmental research on risk and resilience are briefly reviewed, followed by definitions of core concepts, and an overview with illustrations of central models that have guided this body of work. Findings on promotive and protective factors for resilience across diverse studies of children and youth show striking consistency, suggesting that fundamental adaptive systems support and protect human adaptation and development in the context of adversity. Exciting new technologies and scientific advances in molecular genetics, neuroscience, and the methods for studying dynamic, interdependent systems have opened new horizons for research on risk and resilience. The rising wave of future resilience science is focused on multiple levels of analysis and their integration, ranging from neurobiological processes of resilience to preparations for surviving large-scale disasters.

Entrepreneurship for Sustainable Development: A Review and Multilevel Causal Mechanism Framework

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (6) ◽  
pp. 1141-1173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew P. Johnson ◽  
Stefan Schaltegger
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Causal Mechanism ◽  
Contextual Influences ◽  
Sustainable Entrepreneurship ◽  
Causal Mechanisms ◽  
Multiple Levels ◽  
Social Environmental

Entrepreneurship for sustainable development is a multilevel phenomenon connecting social, environmental and economic dimensions between entrepreneurial processes, market transformations, as well as large-scale societal developments. While previous articles on social, environmental, and sustainable entrepreneurship have advanced our understanding on processes of discovery, creation, and exploitation of sustainability-oriented opportunities, the links between contextual influences on venture development and transformational outcomes at multiple levels are only partially captured in extant frameworks. Drawing out causal mechanisms with a systematic review, this article proposes a multilevel framework for linking mechanisms in existing literature and proposing future research on entrepreneurship for sustainable development.

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