scholarly journals Study of the thermal release behaviour of mercury and thallium from liquid eutectic lead-bismuth alloy

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Neuhausen ◽  
B. Eichler
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Error ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Thermal Release ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Bismuth Alloy

SummaryThe release of mercury and thallium from liquid eutectic lead-bismuth alloy (LBE) under a flowing Ar/7%-HDuring short-term experiments significant amounts of mercury begin to evaporate from liquid LBE at temperatures starting from about 475 K. 80% of the mercury present in the sample is released from samples of approximately 1.5–3 g within one hour at temperatures higher than 625 K. Thallium release in the temperature range investigated is below experimental error. Long-term experiments reveal that even at temperatures as low as 476 K about 25% of the mercury present in the samples is released per day under a flowing Ar/7%-H

scholarly journals Can Long-Term Experiments Predict Real Field N and P Balance and System Sustainability? Results from Maize, Winter Wheat, and Soybean Trials Using Mineral and Organic Fertilisers

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1472
Author(s):  
Ilaria Piccoli ◽  
Felice Sartori ◽  
Riccardo Polese ◽  
Maurizio Borin ◽  
Antonio Berti
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Nutrient Balance ◽  
Environmental Indicators ◽  
Nutrient Loss ◽  
Real Field ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Organic Fertiliser ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
P Balance

Agri-environmental indicators such as nutrient balance may play a key role in soil and water quality monitoring, although short-term experiments might be unable to capture the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, the objectives of this study are: (i) to evaluate the reliability of long-term experimental N and P balance estimates to predict real field (RF) (i.e., short-term transitory) conditions; and (ii) to compare the sustainability of short- and long-term experiments. The LTE-based predictions showed that crops are generally over-fertilised in RF conditions, particularly maize. Nutrient balance predictions based on the LTE data tended to be more optimistic than those observed under RF conditions, which are often characterised by lower outputs; in particular, 13, 44, and 47% lower yields were observed for winter wheat, maize, and soybean, respectively, under organic management. The graphical evaluation of N and P use efficiency demonstrated the benefit of adopting crop rotation practices and the risk of nutrient loss when liquid organic fertiliser was applied on a long-term basis. In conclusion, LTE predictions may depend upon specific RF conditions, representing potential N and P use efficiencies that, in RF, may be reduced by crop yield-limiting factors and the specific implemented crop sequence.

The effect of phosphate and potash fertilizers on cut and grazed grassland

1970 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 397-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Brockman ◽  
P. G. Shaw ◽  
K. M. Wolton
Keyword(s):  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
K Fertilizer ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
Cutting Management ◽  
Experimental Management ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Grazed Swards ◽  
Grazed Grassland

SUMMARYAn experiment was carried out over a 5-year period on a grass/clover sward at North Wyke to compare three methods of experimental management—individually grazed plots, communally grazed plots and cutting with removal of herbage. Responses to phosphate and potash fertilizers under each management were measured.P fertilizer increased grass yields in the first 4 years and decreased clover yields in the last 2. In almost all respects cut and grazed sward responded similarly to P. Fertilizer K had no effect on grass yield but markedly increased clover yield and raised herbage K content. Grazed swards developed a higher herbage K content than cut swards, and K fertilizer increased it more in the fourth and fifth years on the individually grazed than on the communally grazed plots. Thus communal grazing resulted in appreciable transfer of K from plot to plot in animal returns.It is concluded that whilst cutting management may be used for short-term experiments, its use in long-term experiments gives different results from grazing. Communal grazing can lead to the transfer of N and K effects from plot to plot, so that plots must be grazed individually except perhaps where P is the only variable nutrient.

A critical study of the failure of a long-term calcium and phosphorus balance experiment with laying hens

1960 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. K. Jenkins ◽  
C. Tyler
Keyword(s):  
Laying Hens ◽  
Systematic Errors ◽  
Critical Study ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Phosphorus Balance ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus

A long-term calcium and phosphorus balance experiment with laying hens is described.The cumulative balances of calcium and phosphorus over a whole year were seen to be physiologically impossible.Results from other workers using short term balances could be equally impossible and a similar situation has recently been noted in balance experiments with ruminants.The techniques employed in the experiment were, therefore, investigated in detail.Only systematic errors could be responsible and it was found that the most likely source of such errors was (a) the spilling of food on to the floor or into the water bowl, and (b) failure to collect all the droppings.These errors only become apparent in long-term experiments and are more pronounced when diets containing high levels of calcium and/or phosphorus are fed.

scholarly journals High-temperature short-term and long hardness of sintered compact and porous titanium-siliceous carbide ti3sic2

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Firstov ◽  
E.P. Pechkovsky
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Ternary Compound ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Porous Titanium ◽  
Critical Values ◽  
Holding Time ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sintered Compact ◽  
Temperature Range

The ternary compound of titanium-siliceous carbide Ti3SiC2, one of the representatives of Nan laminates, prepared by solid-phase sintering is investigated in compact and porous (q=0.03-0.41) states. Features of its short-term and long-term hardness (?=10 N) behavior in the temperature range from 20 to 1200?? at a holding time of 1-60 min were studied. It is shown that a temperature of about 700?? and holding time under load of about 10 min are critical values of the indentation procedure that correspond to an intensive decrease of hardness. The presence of porosity results in a decrease in hardness. a deformation scheme of compact and porous titanium-siliceous carbide Ti3SiC2 in the temperature range from 20 to 1200?? is proposed. .

MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY-MEDIATED ENHANCEMENT OF GROWTH HORMONE ACTIVITY IN VIVO

1985 ◽  
Vol 107 (3) ◽  
pp. R9-R12 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Holder ◽  
R. Aston ◽  
M.A. Preece ◽  
J. Ivanyi
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Hormone Activity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Snell Dwarf ◽  
New Perspective ◽  
Dwarf Mice ◽  
Dose Dependent

ABSTRACT This work demonstrates that complexing hGH with monoclonal antibody EBl (MAB-EBl) can produce a striking potentiation of the somatogenic actions of hGH in vivo in Snell dwarf mice. In short-term experiments significant increases in cartilage metabolism and body weight were noted; these responses were dose-dependent for both MAB-EBl and hGH concentration. Increased growth was also observed in long-term experiments. In marmosets where MAB-EBl cross-reacts with endogenous GH, MAB-EBl alone enhanced the actions of endogenous GH. A new perspective may be necessary to incorporate these results into the current concept of antibody action.

Influence of temperature on the activity of anammox granular biomass

2016 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 2518-2525 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Sobotka ◽  
K. Czerwionka ◽  
J. Makinia
Keyword(s):  
Removal Rate ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Batch Tests ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Granular Biomass

The aim of this study was to determine a short-term and long-term effect of temperature on the anammox rate and determination of temperature coefficients in the Arrhenius and Ratkowsky equations. The short-term effects of temperature on the anammox granular biomass were investigated in batch tests at ten different temperatures in the range of 10–55 °C. The maximum overall nitrogen removal rate of 1.3 gN gVSS−1·d−1 was observed at 40 °C (VSS: volatile suspended solids). The minimum rate, close to 0 gN gVSS−1·d−1, was observed for the limits of the analyzed temperature range (10 and 55 °C). The activity tests carried out at 55 °C showed an irreversible loss of the activity due to the observed biomass lysis. Subsequently to the batch tests, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was operated at different temperatures (from 30 to 11 °C) to determine the long-term effects of temperature. The system was successfully operated at 15 °C, but when temperature was decreased to 11 °C, nitrite started to accumulate and the system lost its stability. The temperature coefficient (θ) was 1.07 for the batch tests carried out in the temperature range of 10–40 °C. In contrast, during the long-term SBR operation, substantially different θ had to be estimated for two temperature ranges, 1.07 (T = 15–30 °C) and 1.65 (T = 11–15 °C).

scholarly journals Long-term field experiment on the impacts of the neonicotinoid dinotefuran and the organophosphate fenitrothion on a honeybee colony

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiro Yamada ◽  
Yasuhiro Yamada ◽  
Kazuko Yamada
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Sugar Syrup ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Term Experiments ◽  
Honeybee Colony ◽  
Term Field

Neonicotinoides are persistent and highly toxic pesticides that have become popular instead of organophosphates, being suspected to be a trigger of massive disappearance of bees that raises concern in the world. The evaluation of the long-term influence for a whole colony in the natural environment is, however, not established yet. In this paper, we conducted a long-term field experiment and found different impacts on honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera) in an apiary between the neonicotinoid dinotefuran and the organophosphate fenitrothion even though whose concentrations in sugar syrup provided for bees were adjusted to have nearly equal short-term effects on a honeybee based on the median lethal dose (LD50) as well as the insecticidal activity to exterminate stinkbugs. The colony with administration of dinotefran (dinotefuran colony) became extinct in 26 days, while the colony with administration of fenitrothion (fenitrothion colony) survived the administration for the same period. Furthermore, the fenitrothion colony succeeded to be alive for more than 293 days after administration, and also succeeded an overwintering, which indicates that colonies exposed to fenitrothion can recover after the exposure. Meanwhile, the dinotefuran colony became extinct even though the intake of dinotefuran was estimated to be comparable with that of fenitrothion in terms of the LD50 of a honeybee. Moreover, the colonies in our previous long-term experiments where dinotefuran with higher concentration were administered only for first few days (Yamada et al., 2012) became extinct in 104 days and 162 days, respectively. From these results, we speculate that colonies exposed to dinotefuran hardly recover from the damage because dinotefuran is much more persistent than fenitrothion and toxic foods stored in cells can affect a colony in a long period.

A modified Munger cell for testing long-term effects of predator-induced stress on prey: an example using Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acaridae) and its predator Neoseiulus cucumeris (Phytoseiidae)

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 2285-2289
Author(s):  
XIAOYING WEI ◽  
ZHI-QIANG ZHANG
Keyword(s):  
New Method ◽  
Tyrophagus Putrescentiae ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Neoseiulus Cucumeris ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Long Term Experiments

Predators can influence prey directly by consuming them, or indirectly by inducing stress to them. In previous studies, the exposure of leaves or containers to predators is short term and the replacement of such predator-exposed units for any long-term experiments is laborious. This study aims to establish a new method to enable continuous predator-induced stress to prey by using a modified Munger cell, with Tyrophagus putrescentiae and its predator predator Neoseiulus cucumeris as an example.

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