scholarly journals Perceiving the Classical Cadence

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sears ◽  
William E. Caplin ◽  
Stephen McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Formal Context ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Classical Style ◽  
Keyboard Sonatas ◽  
Rhetorical Features ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

This study explores the underlying mechanisms responsible for the perception of cadential closure in Mozart’s keyboard sonatas. Previous investigations into the experience of closure have typically relied upon the use of abstract harmonic formulæ as stimuli. However, these formulæ often misrepresent the ways in which composers articulate phrase endings in tonal music. This study, on the contrary, examines a wide variety of cadential types typically found in the classical style, including evaded cadences, which have yet to be examined in an experimental setting. The present findings reveal that cadential categories play a pivotal role in the perception of closure, and for musicians especially, ratings of the cadential categories provide empirical support for a model of cadential strength proposed in music theory. A number of rhetorical features also affect participants' ratings of closure, such as formal context, the presence of a melodic dissonance at the cadential arrival, and the use of a trill within the penultimate dominant. Finally, the results indicate that expertise modulates attention, with musicians privileging bass-line motion and nonmusicians attending primarily to the soprano voice.

scholarly journals Dissociable mechanisms for diverse prosocial behaviors: Counting skills predict sharing behavior, but not instrumental helping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sifana Sohail ◽  
Nadia Chernyak ◽  
Kristen Dunfield
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Sharing Behavior

By the preschool age, children exhibit a diversity of prosocial behaviors that include both sharing resources and helping others. Though recent work has theorized that these prosocial behaviors are differentiated by distinct ages of emergence, developmental trajectories and underlying mechanisms, the experimental evidence in support of the last claim remains scant. The current study focuses on one such cognitive mechanism - numerical cognition - seeking to replicate and extend prior work demonstrating the strong link between children’s numerical cognition and precise sharing behavior, and further examining its relationship to instrumental helping. In line with theoretical perspectives favoring the differentiation of varieties of prosocial behaviors, we hypothesize that numerical cognition underlies precise sharing, but not precise helping behavior. Eighty-five 3 to 6-year-old children completed two procedurally similar tasks designed to elicit sharing and instrumental helping behavior, in addition to a Give-N task measuring their symbolic counting skills. Despite the procedural similarity, and the implicit norm of providing half (5 out of 10) stickers in both tasks, children’s counting proficiency predicted precise sharing, but not precise helping. These results indicate a unique relationship between children’s developing numerical cognition and behavioral fairness, providing empirical support for claims that varieties of prosocial behavior are supported by distinct underlying mechanisms.

The Perception of Frozen Intervals in Anton Webern’s Concerto for Nine Instruments, Op. 24, Third Movement

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenine Brown
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Analytical Approach ◽  
Forced Choice ◽  
Formal Training ◽  
Musical Style ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Twelve Tone ◽  
Passive Exposure

Abstract Many have described twelve-tone music as difficult to aurally comprehend (e.g., Huron, 2006; Meyer, 1967). This study addresses such claims by investigating what listeners can implicitly learn when hearing a recording of a twelve-tone composition. Krumhansl (1990) has argued that listeners unfamiliar with a musical style attune to the distribution of pitch occurrences, with the most frequent pitch providing a reference point. However, in Anton Webern’s Concerto for Nine Instruments, Op. 24/iii, each pitch occurs nearly the same number of times. Because the distribution of pitches in this twelve-tone work is flat, this study investigates whether listeners instead perceive its recurring intervals. After passive exposure to the composition, musician participants (n = 12) with no formal training in non-tonal music theory demonstrated learning of the frequent intervals (and pairs of intervals) in both forced-choice and ratings tasks. Nonmusicians (n = 13) did not. I then use these empirical findings to inform an interval-based analytical approach to Webern’s compositions.

scholarly journals Partitional Harmony: The Partitioning of Pitch Spaces

2020 ◽  
Vol IV (2) ◽  
pp. 01-27
Author(s):  
Marco Feitosa
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Preliminary Work ◽  
Theoretical Reflection

In this preliminary work, we seek to present a brief historical review of the use of partitions in music, to provide a concise introduction to the theory of partitions, and lastly, through an extensive bibliographic revision and a thoughtful theoretical reflection, to lay the foundations of what we call partitional harmony - a comprehensive harmonic conception which relates the theory of partitions to several fields of post-tonal music theory. At the end, some basic operations (pitch, transposition, inversion, and multiplication) are defined and an illustrative musical application is provided, followed by our research prospects.

scholarly journals Analisis Schenkerian Pada Komposisi L’Armonia Opus 148.5 Gitar Klasik Karya Mauro Giuliani

PROMUSIKA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
Adityo Legowo
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Music Analysis ◽  
Classical Guitar ◽  
Schenkerian Analysis ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Tonal Structure ◽  
Final Project ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Repeated Structure ◽  
Made In

Ada beragam jenis cara analisis musik namun yang selama ini lebih dikenal dan dipelajari di lingkungan penulis, adalah analisis bentuk musik. Ada cara lain dalam bidang analisis, salah satunya adalah analisis schenkerian. Melalui cara analisis tersebut maka akan didapatkan struktur tonal yang terdalam dari sebuah sistem musik tonal. Cara ini sama sekali belum umum di Indonesia untuk saat ini. Maka dari itu penulis ingin mempelajari lebih dalam mengenahi cara analisis schenkerian. Untuk materi pembahasan akan dibatasi pada karya Mauro Giuliani komposisi L’Armonia opus 148. 5 untuk gitar klasik. Adapun pertimbangan mengenahi objek pembahasan tersebut karena era keemasan musik tonal adalah jaman klasik. Karya tersebut dibuat pada waktu jaman klasik dan diciptakan oleh seorang komposer arus utama untuk musik instrumen gitar. Selain itu karya tersebut dimainkan dalam resital tugas akhir yang dilakukan oleh penulis. Sehingga harapan penulis dengan analisis karya Mauro Giuliani dapat melihat gambaran komponis gitar lainya pada era tersebut. Dgn menggunakan metode kualitatif desriptif dengan pendekatan musikologis, khususnya teori musik dapat disimpulkan bahwa bentuk background komposisi L’Armonia karya Mauro Giuliani adalah bentuk kedalaman yang merupakan hasil reduksi dari bentuk-bentuk sebelumnya. Di dalam bentuk ini terdapat interruption yang berfungsi sebagai penyela dan dikembalikan lagi ke kopfton 3 yang disebabkan oleh adanya struktur yang diulang. Bentuk tersebut dapat dilihat pada pembahasan background.There are various types of music analysis, but what has been better known and studied in the writer's environment, is the analysis of musical forms. There are other ways in the field of analysis, one of which is Schenkerian analysis. Through this method of analysis we will get the deepest tonal structure of a tonal music system. This method is not yet common in Indonesia at this time. Therefore the writer wants to learn more about the schenkerian analysis. For discussion material will be limited to the work of Mauro Giuliani the composition of L 'Armonia opus 148. 5 for classical guitar. The consideration of the object of discussion is because the golden era of tonal music is the classical era. The work was made in classical times and was created by a mainstream composer for guitar instrument music. In addition, the work is played in a final project recital carried out by the author. So the hope of the writer with the analysis of the work of Mauro Giuliani can see the picture of other guitar composers in that era. Using qualitative descriptive methods with a musicological approach, especially music theory, it can be concluded that the form of the background of L'AAmonia's composition by Mauro Giuliani is a form of depth that is the result of reduction from previous forms. In this form there is an interruption that functions as an interrupter and is returned again to Kopfton 3 caused by a repeated structure. This form can be seen in the background discussion.Keywords: schenkerian analysis; L'Oronia opus 148. 5.

scholarly journals Political (Over)Representation of Public Sector Employees and the Double-Motive Hypothesis: Evidence from Norwegian Register Data (2007-2019)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benny Geys ◽  
Zuzana Murdoch ◽  
Rune J Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Public Sector ◽  
Political Representation ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Register Data ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
Public Employees ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Public Sector Employees ◽  
Political Selection ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Abstract Countries have widely diverging regulations regarding the eligibility of public sector employees for political office, and the stringency of such regulations remains fiercely debated. Building on a demand and supply model of political selection, this article contributes to such debates by studying whether and how the incentives of public employees as both consumers and producers of public services (their ‘double motive’) affects their descriptive political representation. Our analysis employs population-wide individual-level register data covering four Norwegian local elections between 2007 and 2019 (N>13 million observations). Using predominantly individual-level panel regression models, we find that public employees are strongly overrepresented on election lists and have a higher probability of election (conditional on running). Looking at underlying mechanisms, we provide evidence consistent with the ‘double motive’ of public employees inducing their self-selection into standing for elected office (at higher-ranked ballot positions). Demand-side effects deriving from party and voter selection receive more limited empirical support. We discuss ensuing concerns about the potential substantive representation of policy self-interests by elected public employees.

scholarly journals A Novel Protocol for Detection of Senescence and Calcification Markers by Fluorescence Microscopy

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3475
Author(s):  
Jaqueline Herrmann ◽  
Milen Babic ◽  
Markus Tölle ◽  
Kai-Uwe Eckardt ◽  
Markus van der Giet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescence Microscopy ◽  
Arterial Wall ◽  
In Vitro Model ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Cultured Cells ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Vascular calcification and stiffening of the arterial wall is a systemic phenomenon that is associated with aging and it can be increased by several risk factors. The underlying mechanisms, especially the pathways of cellular senescence, are under current investigation. Easily manageable in vitro settings help to study the signaling pathways. The experimental setting presented here is based on an in vitro model using rat vascular smooth muscle cells and the detection of senescence and osteoblastic markers via immunofluorescence and RNAscope™. Co-staining of the senescence marker p21, the osteoblastic marker osteopontin, detection of senescence-associated heterochromatin foci, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase is possible within one test approach requiring fewer cells. The protocol is a fast and reliable evaluation method for multiplexing of calcifying and senescence markers with fluorescence microscopy detection. The experimental setting enables analysis on single cell basis and allows detection of intra-individual variances of cultured cells.

Facebook Depression or Facebook Contentment

2019 ◽  
pp. 104-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica J. Joseph ◽  
Malinda Desjarlais ◽  
Lucijana Herceg
Keyword(s):  
Social Networking ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Social Networking Site ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Differential Outcomes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Facebook Use ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Within the literature, Facebook has received much attention in order to understand the potential positive and negative effects associated with using the social networking site. The current chapter provides a discussion of the empirical support for the differential outcomes associated with actively posting and chatting on Facebook vs. passively browsing Facebook, as well as the underlying mechanisms for the effects. Specifically, the current chapter will discuss two perspectives related to the differential effects of active and passive Facebook use: Facebook contentment (a wellbeing enhancing effect) and Facebook depression (a wellbeing diminishing effect). The authors also discuss the extension of the results to other social media platforms and provide suggestions for future research.

scholarly journals "Chinese Harmony" and Contemporary Non-Tonal Music Theory

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay Rahn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
North America ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Chromatic Harmony

Twentieth-century Chinese theorists and composers have developed a distinctively indigenous approach to harmony, based in part on earlier pentatonic traditions. Mixed as it is with conventions of diatonic and chromatic harmony imported from Europe and North America, the resulting "Chinese harmony" poses music-theoretical problems of coordinating diatonic and pentatonic scales, and tertial and quartal chords. A survey of Chinese harmony as expounded by Kang Ou shows these difficulties to be theoretically intractable within solely Chinese or Euro-American frameworks, but soluble through recent formulations in atonal—or more appropriately, non-tonal-theory, as advanced by such writers as John Clough.

scholarly journals Monkeys benefit from reciprocity without the cognitive burden

2012 ◽  
Vol 109 (38) ◽  
pp. 15191-15196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malini Suchak ◽  
Frans B. M. de Waal
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Joint Action ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
The Other ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Rapid Succession ◽  
Making Choices ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

The debate about the origins of human prosociality has focused on the presence or absence of similar tendencies in other species, and, recently, attention has turned to the underlying mechanisms. We investigated whether direct reciprocity could promote prosocial behavior in brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Twelve capuchins tested in pairs could choose between two tokens, with one being “prosocial” in that it rewarded both individuals (i.e., 1/1), and the other being “selfish” in that it rewarded the chooser only (i.e., 1/0). Each monkey’s choices with a familiar partner from their own group was compared with choices when paired with a partner from a different group. Capuchins were spontaneously prosocial, selecting the prosocial option at the same rate regardless of whether they were paired with an in-group or out-group partner. This indicates that interaction outside of the experimental setting played no role. When the paradigm was changed, such that both partners alternated making choices, prosocial preference significantly increased, leading to mutualistic payoffs. As no contingency could be detected between an individual’s choice and their partner’s previous choice, and choices occurred in rapid succession, reciprocity seemed of a relatively vague nature akin to mutualism. Having the partner receive a better reward than the chooser (i.e., 1/2) during the alternating condition increased the payoffs of mutual prosociality, and prosocial choice increased accordingly. The outcome of several controls made it hard to explain these results on the basis of reward distribution or learned preferences, and rather suggested that joint action promotes prosociality, resulting in so-called attitudinal reciprocity.

scholarly journals Thrombin-induced platelet activation via PAR4: pivotal role for exosite II

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (09) ◽  
pp. 558-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Boknäs ◽  
Lars Faxälv ◽  
Daniel Sanchez Centellas ◽  
Maria Wallstedt ◽  
Sofia Ramström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Activation ◽  
Active Site ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

SummaryThrombin-induced platelet activation via PAR1 and PAR4 is an important event in haemostasis. Although the underlying mechanisms responsible for ensuring efficient PAR1 activation by thrombin have been extensively studied, the potential involvement of recognitions sites outside the active site of the protease in thrombin-induced PAR4 activation is largely unknown. In this study, we developed a new assay to assess the importance of exosite I and II for PAR4 activation with α- and γ-thrombin. Surprisingly, we found that exosite II is critical for activation of PAR4. We also show that this dependency on exosite II likely represents a new mechanism, as it is unaffected by blockage of the previously known interaction between thrombin and glycoprotein Ibα.

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