scholarly journals Dissociable mechanisms for diverse prosocial behaviors: Counting skills predict sharing behavior, but not instrumental helping

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sifana Sohail ◽  
Nadia Chernyak ◽  
Kristen Dunfield
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Cognition ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Sharing Behavior

By the preschool age, children exhibit a diversity of prosocial behaviors that include both sharing resources and helping others. Though recent work has theorized that these prosocial behaviors are differentiated by distinct ages of emergence, developmental trajectories and underlying mechanisms, the experimental evidence in support of the last claim remains scant. The current study focuses on one such cognitive mechanism - numerical cognition - seeking to replicate and extend prior work demonstrating the strong link between children’s numerical cognition and precise sharing behavior, and further examining its relationship to instrumental helping. In line with theoretical perspectives favoring the differentiation of varieties of prosocial behaviors, we hypothesize that numerical cognition underlies precise sharing, but not precise helping behavior. Eighty-five 3 to 6-year-old children completed two procedurally similar tasks designed to elicit sharing and instrumental helping behavior, in addition to a Give-N task measuring their symbolic counting skills. Despite the procedural similarity, and the implicit norm of providing half (5 out of 10) stickers in both tasks, children’s counting proficiency predicted precise sharing, but not precise helping. These results indicate a unique relationship between children’s developing numerical cognition and behavioral fairness, providing empirical support for claims that varieties of prosocial behavior are supported by distinct underlying mechanisms.

scholarly journals The Relation of Mindfulness and Prosocial Behavior: What Do We (Not) Know?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Schindler ◽  
Malte Friese
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behavior ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Popular Media ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Theoretical Assumptions ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
Central Claim

Mindfulness is a hot topic in psychological research and the popular media. One central claim in the literature is that enhanced mindfulness fosters prosocial behavior. This article recapitulates what is currently known about this widespread claim. We first review theoretical perspectives on why enhanced mindfulness should foster prosocial behavior and discuss relevant empirical evidence. Two meta-analyses provide preliminary support for this claim. However, limitations call for caution when interpreting the evidence and studies investigating effects that persist over sustained periods of time are missing. In addition, theoretical assumptions about the underlying mechanisms need stronger empirical support. We discuss theoretical predicaments, identify potential downsides of mindfulness, and suggest ways forward for future research.

Family support and prosocial behaviors in U. S. Mexican and European American young adults : the intervening roles of respect and sociocognitive/emotive traits

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Cara Streit
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Family Support ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Prosocial Behaviors ◽  
European American ◽  
University Of Missouri ◽  
Sibling Support ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
American Young Adults

[ACCESS RESTRICTED TO THE UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI AT REQUEST OF AUTHOR.] The primary aim of this study is to consider mothers, fathers, and siblings as socialization agents of young adult's prosocial behaviors and to consider the mediating roles of cultural values and sociocognitive/emotive traits. In order to build on previous work, these relations are examined in a sample of European American and U.S. Latino young adults. The final sample included 184 U.S. Latino (N = 143, 78.6 % female; M age = 20.68, SD =2.05) and 348 European American young adults (N = 275, 79.5 % female; M age = 19.52, SD =1.11). Results from path analyses demonstrate complex and differential predictors associated with prosocial behaviors, as distinguished by the target of helping. Cultural values and young adults' sociocognitive and emotive traits largely served as underlying mechanisms in the relations between family support and prosocial behaviors, although these relations were differentiated by the target of helping. There was also evidence for the moderating role of young adults' gender in the model assessing prosocial behaviors toward family members, such that for men, there were several indirect and direct effects of paternal support (but not maternal or sibling support) in fostering prosocial behaviors toward family members. Discussion will focus on the integration of socialization, cognitive developmental, and cultural theories in predicting prosocial behaviors towards different helping targets.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN ANTARA PERILAKU MENOLONG DENGAN KONSEP DIRI PADA REMAJA AKHIR YANG MENJADI ANGGOTA TIM BANTUAN MEDIS JANAR DUTA FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Dewa Gede Udayana Putra ◽  
I Made Rustika
Keyword(s):  
Helping Behavior ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Late Adolescent ◽  
Human Interactions ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Seeking Help ◽  
Behavior Scale ◽  
Mental Aspect

  Self-concept is an important factor in Adolescents. These mental aspects determine human behavior in every cycle of life. Self-concept weren’t born from lineage mental aspect but these are build and grow from human interactions with their environment naturally. Helping others is a human nature tendencies, individual has basic need to provide and seeking help. After provide a help, somebody would feel proud of what they have been done so that will improve their self valuation. Helping behavior shows by adolescents whom join Tim Bantuan Medis Janar Duta Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. This research aim to find out the relation of helping behavior with self-concept in late adolescents. Subject in this research is late adolescents whom join Tim Bantuan Medis (TBM) Janar Duta Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University. Sample in this research is 84 persons. Instrument in this research used helping behavior scale and self-concept scale. Analysis method that used is product moment analysis technique from Pearson. Results shows correlation in this research is 0.690 (p=0.000). It is conclude that there is a significant positive correlation between helping behavior and self-concept whom join Tim Bantuan Medis (TBM) Janar Duta Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University.   Keywords: helping behavior, self concept, late adolescent  

scholarly journals Azure-winged magpies’ decisions to share food are contingent on the presence or absence of food for the recipient

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg J. M. Massen ◽  
Sofia M. Haley ◽  
Thomas Bugnyar
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Social Awareness ◽  
Equal Access ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Vocal Cues ◽  
Food Items ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
High Level ◽  
Sharing Behavior

Abstract Helping others is a key feature of human behavior. However, recent studies render this feature not uniquely human, and describe discoveries of prosocial behavior in non-human primates, other social mammals, and most recently in some bird species. Nevertheless, the cognitive underpinnings of this prosociality; i.e., whether animals take others’ need for help into account, often remain obscured. In this study, we take a first step in investigating prosociality in azure-winged magpies by presenting them with the opportunity to share highly desired food with their conspecifics i) in a situation in which these conspecifics had no such food, ii) in a situation in which they too had access to that highly desired food, and iii) in an open, base-line, situation where all had equal access to the same food and could move around freely. We find that azure-winged magpies regularly share high-value food items, preferably with, but not restricted to, members of the opposite sex. Most notably, we find that these birds, and specifically the females, seem to differentiate between whether others have food or do not have food, and subsequently cater to that lack. Begging calls by those without food seem to function as cues that elicit the food-sharing, but the response to that begging is condition-dependent. Moreover, analyses on a restricted dataset that excluded those events in which there was begging showed exactly the same patterns, raising the possibility that the azure-winged magpies might truly notice when others have access to fewer resources (even in the absence of vocal cues). This sharing behavior could indicate a high level of social awareness and prosociality that should be further investigated. Further studies are needed to establish the order of intentionality at play in this system, and whether azure-winged magpies might be able to attribute desire states to their conspecifics.

Maturing and Aging Together

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miri Scharf
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Frequency Of Contact ◽  
Future Research Directions

Relatively little research has examined the grandparent–adult grandchild relationship, although these relationships might play a more significant role than in the past, possibly impacting grandchildren’s development and the adjustment of both parties. This chapter reviews different theoretical perspectives related to this bond and presents the special flavor of this bond during emerging adulthood resulting from the different developmental trajectories of grandparents and grandchildren that mutually influence one another. Empirical findings demonstrating large variation both within and between families regarding frequency of contact and quality of the relations are presented, as well as various contextual and demographic variables that might mediate and moderate these variations. Finally, the importance of studying this bond, future research directions, and possible implications are discussed.

Rethinking Public Service Motivation From the Perspective of Person–Environment Fit: Complementary or Supplementary Relationship?

2014 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geunpil Ryu
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Organizational Commitment ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Public Service Motivation ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Theoretical Perspectives ◽  
Person Environment Fit ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Relationship

Research on public service motivation (PSM) has paid attention to the concept of fit to identify underlying mechanisms of the relationship between PSM and beneficial outcomes such as higher job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Nonetheless, there have been rare studies aimed at theoretically comparing PSM with the person–environment (P–E) fit. In this article, PSM is reviewed from the perspective of P–E fit, not only because PSM and P–E fit share some theoretical perspectives, such as job attraction, employee rewards, and individual performance, but also because incorporating the concept of PSM into the fit framework may allow us to better understand PSM and enhance its theoretical development. This article concludes that PSM has a complementary relationship with P–E fit as the two provide more concrete and valid explanations for job applications, outcomes, and rewards when they are incorporated.

scholarly journals Perceiving the Classical Cadence

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 397-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Sears ◽  
William E. Caplin ◽  
Stephen McAdams
Keyword(s):  
Music Theory ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Pivotal Role ◽  
Formal Context ◽  
Experimental Setting ◽  
Tonal Music ◽  
Classical Style ◽  
Keyboard Sonatas ◽  
Rhetorical Features ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

This study explores the underlying mechanisms responsible for the perception of cadential closure in Mozart’s keyboard sonatas. Previous investigations into the experience of closure have typically relied upon the use of abstract harmonic formulæ as stimuli. However, these formulæ often misrepresent the ways in which composers articulate phrase endings in tonal music. This study, on the contrary, examines a wide variety of cadential types typically found in the classical style, including evaded cadences, which have yet to be examined in an experimental setting. The present findings reveal that cadential categories play a pivotal role in the perception of closure, and for musicians especially, ratings of the cadential categories provide empirical support for a model of cadential strength proposed in music theory. A number of rhetorical features also affect participants' ratings of closure, such as formal context, the presence of a melodic dissonance at the cadential arrival, and the use of a trill within the penultimate dominant. Finally, the results indicate that expertise modulates attention, with musicians privileging bass-line motion and nonmusicians attending primarily to the soprano voice.

Prosocial Consequences of Imitation

2012 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 891-898 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara C. N. Müller ◽  
Anna J. Maaskant ◽  
Rick B. Van Baaren ◽  
AP Dijksterhuis
Keyword(s):  
Helping Behavior ◽  
The Other ◽  
Train Station ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Helping Others ◽  
The Face ◽  
Minute Walk

Research has shown that helping behavior can be primed easily. However, helping decreases significantly in the presence of inhibition cues, signaling high costs for the executor. On the other hand, multiple studies demonstrated that helping behavior increases after being mimicked. The present study investigated whether imitation still increases helping when more substantial costs are involved. Helping behavior was operationalized as the willingness to accompany the confederate on a 15–20 minute walk to the train station. Results show that even in the face of these high costs, participants who were mimicked agreed more often to help the confederate than participants who were anti-mimicked. These findings suggest that mimicry not only makes people more helpful when it comes to small favors, but also allows them to ignore the substantial costs possibly involved in helping others.

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