Acute toxicity and phytochemical screening of stem bark extracts of Entandrophragma angolense (Welw.) C.DC. (Meliaceae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (38) ◽  
pp. 67-70
Author(s):  
AurélieAchiè Yenon
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Phytochemical Screening

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening, Acute Toxicity and Anti-Rabies Activities of Extracts of Selected Ethiopian Traditional Medicinal Plants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeweynshet Tesera ◽  
Asnake Desalegn ◽  
Ashenif Tadele ◽  
Abebe Mengesha ◽  
Birhanu Hurisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Plant Extracts ◽  
Ricinus Communis ◽  
Vero Cells ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Post Exposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Mice Model

Abstract Background: Rabies, endemic in most African and Asian countries, is a viral zoonosis that causes an estimated 59,000 human deaths a year, despite the existence of safe and effective vaccines. In most developing countries people believe to cure rabies with different traditional and religious treatment rather than seeking effective post exposure prophylaxis. Purpose: To investigate the phytochemical constituents, acute toxicity and antirabies activity of crude extracts of the leaves of Justicia schimperiana and Ricinus communis and the stem bark of Croton macrostachyus. Methods: To test the presence of various phytochemicals, standard procedures were used. For the determination of acute toxicity and in vivo antirabies activities, Organization for Economic Corporation and Development (OECD) Guideline No.423 was used. Different concentrations of extracts (0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, 6.4 and 12.8 mg/ml) were tested for their cytotoxic effect on Vero cells through 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5Diphenyltetrazolium Bromide (MTT) assay. The in vitro antirabies assay was carried out based on the minimal cytotoxic concentration of extracts. Results: The phytochemical screening result has revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in all plant extracts screened but lack saponins. All the extracts were slightly toxic in Swiss albino mice model but non cytotoxic in Vero cell lines. The antirabies assay result showed that all plant extracts had a moderate to good antirabies potential. The methanol extracts exhibited higher antirabies activity compared to the other extracts under investigation. Conclusion: The present study concluded that the studied plants have possessed different phytochemicals that helps in their antirabies potential. Utilization of these pharmacological properties involves further investigation of these active ingredients by implementation techniques of extraction, purification, separation, crystallization and identification.

PHARMACOGNOSTIC, ANTIOXIDANT AND ACUTE TOXICITY STUDY OF Ficus sycomorus (Linn) (Moraceae) ROOT AND STEM BARK

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 605-614
Author(s):  
Murtala M. Namadina ◽  
H. Haruna ◽  
U. Sanusi
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
The Body ◽  
Toxicity Study ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Root Extract ◽  
Acute Toxicity Study ◽  
Radical Scavenging Ability ◽  
Phytochemical Components

Most of biochemical reactions in the body generates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), which are involved in the pathogenesis of oxidative stress-related disorders like diabetes, nephrotoxicity, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, inflammation and neurological disorders when they attack biochemical molecules like proteins, lipids and nucleic acid. Antioxidants are used to protect the cells or tissues against potential attack by ROS. Most medicinal plants possess a rich source of antioxidants such as flavonoids, phenols, tannins, alkaloids among others. These phytochemicals are currently pursued as an alternative and complimentary drug. In this study, phytochemical components, antioxidant and acute toxicity study of the methanol extract of stem bark and root of F. sycomorus were carried out using standard methods. Findings from this study revealed the presence of some diagnostic microscopical features such as calcium oxalate, starch, gum/mucilage, lignin, Aleurone grain, suberized/Cuticular cell wall and inulin but calcium carbonate was absent in stem bark but present in the powdered root. Quantitative physical constants include moisture contents (6.40% and 7.82%), ash value (7.20% and 9.30 %) in stem bark and root respectively. Carbohydrates, alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, glycoside, steroid, triterpenes and phenols were present in all the extracts. They were found to exhibit potent 1,1,-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) free scavenging activity. The DPPH radical scavenging ability of the extracts showed the following trend Ascorbic acid < stem bark extract˃ root extract. The LD50 of the methanolic stem bark and root extracts were found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and is considered safe for use. Nonetheless, further

scholarly journals Acute and Sub-Acute Toxicity Evaluation of the Methanolic Extract of Alstonia scholaris Stem Bark

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Idris Bello ◽  
Abdulmenem Bakkouri ◽  
Yasser Tabana ◽  
Bassel Al-Hindi ◽  
Majed Al-Mansoub ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Toxicity Evaluation ◽  
Alstonia Scholaris

Evaluation of the Potential Toxicity of the Starch from the Shoot of Borassus Aethiopum Mart in Wistar Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-62
Author(s):  
F.Y. Tata ◽  
S.A. Francis ◽  
S. J. Madu ◽  
H.A. Sa’ab ◽  
M.A. Abdulrazaq
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Potential Toxicity ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Family ◽  
Relative Organ Weight ◽  
Serum Aspartate Aminotransferase ◽  
Oecd Guideline ◽  
Borassus Aethiopum

Background: The shoot of Borassus aethiopum is cultivated and consumed in Northern Nigeria. Its starch has been investigated for use in pharmaceutical formulation but have limited studies on its toxicity. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance (a toxin or poison) can harm humans or animals. The plant Borassus aethiopum Mart belongs to the family Aracaceae, commonly known as the African Fan Palm. The shoot of the plant is commonly referred to as “Muruchi” in Hausa and is widely available and edible.Objective: This experimental research was designed to examine the potential toxicity of the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum in acute and subacute studies using Wistar rats.Material and Methods: Fresh shoots of Borassus aethiopum were obtained, washed, peeled and grinded using mechanical grinder. The starch was extracted using water. Acute toxicity was carried out using OECD guideline 425. Healthy rats of both sexes were randomly grouped into four groups of six rats each (n=6) for the 28-days oral toxicity study. Distilled water was administered at the dose of 2ml/kg to group I which served as the control while groups II, III and IV were orally administered the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum at the doses of 300, 600 and 1200 mg/kg daily for 28 days respectively. The animals were sacrificed after 28-days at which the blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture into plain and EDTA-containing tubes for biochemical and haematological analyses respectively. The liver, kidney, heart and spleen were excised, weighed and examined macroscopically.Results: The phytochemical screening reveals the presence of alkaloids, tannins, and carbohydrate. The acute toxicity (LD50) of Borassus aethiopum was found to be greater than 4000 mg/kg body weight. No notable and significant changes in the relative organ weight as well as the levels of the renal and hematological biomarkers when compared with the control. However, there was significant increase in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT).Conclusion: In conclusion, the results of this study indicated that the starch from the shoot of Borassus aethiopum showed some evidence of potential toxicity on the liver but did not affect the renal and haematological parameters.

scholarly journals IN-VIVO ANTI-DIARRHOEAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF ETHANOL STEM BARK EXTRACT OF VITELLARIA PARADOXA GAERTN F. (SAPOTACEAE)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-251
Author(s):  
Z. Abdullahi ◽  
A. A. Jimoh ◽  
B. E. Patrick ◽  
M. I. Yakubu ◽  
D. Mallam
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Bark Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Vitellaria Paradoxa ◽  
Stem Bark Extract

Different parts of Vitellaria paradoxa plant have many applications in ethno-medicine. Some of the uses of this plant include treatment of diarrhoea and other GIT disorders. In this study the antidiarrhoeal activity of the ethanol extract of Vitellaria paradoxa was evaluated using three experimental models: Castor oil-induced diarrhoea; small intestinal motility and intestinal fluid accumulation (enteropooling) models in mice. Five groups of five mice were used for each model. Group one mice received 10 ml/kg of distilled water, while groups 2, 3, and 4 received 125, 250 and 500 mg/kg of the extract orally respectively. Group 5 mice received Loperamide 5 mg/kg orally. Oral median lethal dose (LD50) of the extract was determined using OECD (2008) Guideline 425. Phytochemical studies were conducted using standard procedures. The LD50 was estimated to be greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight and there were no signs of mortality or visible signs of toxicity in all the mice treated. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, cardiac glycosides and anthraquinones glycosides. Extract showed a dose-dependent anti-diarrhoeal activity by reducing stool frequency and consistency. The extract at the higher doses significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited GIT motility and castor oil-induced enteropooling, comparable to that of the reference control drug Loperamide. The study showed that ethanol stem bark extract of Vitellaria paradoxa possess anti-diarrhoeal activity and thus justifies its ethno-medicinal use in the treatment of diarrhoea.

scholarly journals Phytochemical Screening and Biocidal Studies Of Stem Bark Chrysophyllum Albidum (Linn) And Straw Aristolochia Ringens from Nigeria.

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Moses Owolabi
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Cytotoxic Activity ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Breast Tumour ◽  
Tumour Cells ◽  
Bacterial Activity ◽  
Liver Tumour ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Health Maintenance

Introduction: Medicinal plants play a significant role in the health maintenance in underdeveloped countries, herbs and spices continue serve as a new sources for herbal medicines. Aim: The objective was to investigate phytochemical screening and biocidal activity on stem bark Chrysophyllum albidum (Linn) and straw Aristolochia ringens using chloroform. Methods: Chloroform extracts of C. albidum and A. ringens were obtained and screened for phytochemical constituents. The colour intensity or the precipitate formation was used as analytical responses to these tests. The Antimicrobial activities crude extracts were evaluated against some microorganisms with broth microdilution test. The extracts were screened for in-vitro cytotoxic activity against breast tumour and liver tumour cells. Results: The results of the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, steroids, anthraquinone and glycosides. C. albidum and A. ringens chloroform extracts revealed high quantities of alkaloid and flavonoid respectively. While cardiac glycoside and anthraquinone were found with low quantity in C. albidum and A. ringens extracts respectively. C. albidum showed promising bacterial activity against Escherichia coli and cytotoxic activity to liver tumour cells. While A. ringens, showed excellent bacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and good fungal activity against Candida albicans. A. ringens also showed cytotoxic to liver tumour and breast tumour cells. The observed antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects may be due to the antagonist or synergistic effect of the secondary metabolites identified in the extracts. Conclusion: Medicinal plants studied showed good potential biological activities that support the idea that traditional medicines remain useful healthcare in developing countries

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