scholarly journals Usage of Fruit-Infused Water for Prevention of Dehydration Due to Endurance Exercise

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-422
Author(s):  
Mohammad Arif Ali ◽  
Setya Rahayu ◽  
Nanang Indardi ◽  
Gustiana Mega Anggita ◽  
Fatona Soraya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Previous Investigation ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Before And After

This study aimed to extend previous investigation regarding its beneficial effects on changes of blood glucose. This experimental research was conducted from 06:00-12:00. Twenty-four young men (age 19-20 y.o.) were divided into three groups, Fasting-Exercise-Only (FEO), Fasting-Exercise-Water (FEW), and Fasting-Exercise with Fruit-Infused Water (FEF). Subjects underwent fasting for 12 h before the experimental day. The data of body weight (Kg) and macroscopic urine color were collected before and after exercise. Body weight in all experimental groups were decreased by 1% during endurance exercise. There were no differences in decrease of body weight between FEF and FEW groups compared to FEO group (p>.05). The change in urine color was significantly different between pre-exercise and post-exercise data (p<.05). The darkest urine color was observed in FEO group (4.75), followed by FEW group (4.25), while FEF group (3.63) did not reach dehydration level. In conclusion, fruit-infused water is suggested to be drink as a choice for fluid intake during exercise.

scholarly journals Effect of Exercise Duration on Postprandial Glycaemic and Insulinaemic Responses in Adolescents

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 754
Author(s):  
Karah J. Dring ◽  
Simon B. Cooper ◽  
Ryan A. Williams ◽  
John G. Morris ◽  
Caroline Sunderland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Intermittent Exercise ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Area Under The Curve ◽  
Exercise Duration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Post Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test

High-intensity intermittent exercise (HIIE) is a potential intervention to manage hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance in adolescents. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum duration of HIIE to reduce postprandial glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in adolescents and the longevity of the response. Thirty-nine participants (12.4 ± 0.4 year) completed a 30- and 60-min exercise trial (Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test) and a rested control trial in a randomised crossover design. Capillary blood samples were taken at baseline, immediately and 1-h post-exercise; and 30, 60 and 120 min following a standardised lunch (day one) and a standardised breakfast 24-h post-exercise. Plasma insulin total area under the curve (tAUC) following lunch was lower following 60-min HIIE (21,754 ± 16,861 pmol·L−1 × 120 min, p = 0.032) and tended to be lower following 30-min HIIE (24,273 ± 16,131 pmol·L−1 × 120 min, p = 0.080), when compared with the resting condition (26,931 ± 21,634 pmol·L−1 × 120 min). Blood glucose concentration was lower 1-h post-exercise following 30-min HIIE (3.6 ± 0.6 mmol·L−1) when compared to resting (4.1 ± 0.9 mmol·L−1, p = 0.001). Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentration did not differ across trials on day two. Shorter bouts of HIIE (30-min), as well as a 60-min bout, reduced the postprandial insulinaemic response to lunch, an ecologically valid marker of insulin sensitivity. As the beneficial effects of HIIE were limited to 3 h post-exercise, adolescents are recommended to engage daily HIIE to enhance metabolic health.

scholarly journals Fluid Restriction Negatively Influences Perceived Morning Alertness and Visuomotor Ability

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 370
Author(s):  
Courteney L. Benjamin ◽  
Elliot P. Norton ◽  
Benjamin M. Shirley ◽  
Rebecca R. Rogers ◽  
Tyler D. Williams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Urine Specific Gravity ◽  
Hydration Status ◽  
Fluid Restriction ◽  
College Age ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Two Fluid ◽  
Over Time

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of two fluid intake protocols on alertness and reaction time before and after fluid intake. Healthy college-age males (n = 12) followed two fluid intake protocols on separate occasions: (1) prescribed fluid (PF) and fluid restricted (FR). In PF, participants were instructed to consume 500 mL of fluid the night prior to and the morning of data collection. In FR, participants were instructed to refrain from the consumption of fluid for 12 h. To assess hydration status, urine specific gravity and urine color were measured. Participants perceived level of thirst and alertness were also recorded. Participants then completed visuomotor reaction time tests using the Dynavision LED board, using both a central visuomotor test and a peripheral visuomotor test (PVRT) prior to (1) and following (2) the ingestion of 100 mL of water. Participants displayed significantly improved PVRT in PF state as compared to FR (PF1 = 1.13 ± 0.16, PF2 = 1.04 ± 0.14; FR1 = 1.27 ± 0.27, FR2 = 1.18 ± 0.20; p = 0.038, ηp2 = 0.363). Both CVRT and PVRT improved over time, following the ingestion of 100 mL of fluid. Participants in the PF state were also significantly more alert than participants in the FR state (PF = 4 ± 2, FR = 5 ± 2; p = 0.019, ES = 0.839). Collectively, perceived alertness and PVRT were negatively impacted by FR.

First and second meal effects of pulses on blood glucose, appetite, and food intake at a later meal

2011 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 634-642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Mollard ◽  
Christina L. Wong ◽  
Bohdan L. Luhovyy ◽  
G. Harvey Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Fixed Size ◽  
Tomato Sauce ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pulse Type ◽  
Effect Of Treatment ◽  
Ad Libitum

Pulses are low-glycemic appetite-suppressing foods, but it is not known whether these properties persist after being consumed as part of a meal and after a second meal. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a fixed-size pulse meal on appetite and blood glucose (BG) before and after an ad libitum test meal (pizza) and on food intake (FI) at the test meal. Males (n = 25; 21.3 ± 0.5 years; 21.6 ± 0.3 kg·m–2) randomly consumed 4 isocaloric meals: chickpea; lentil; yellow split pea; and macaroni and cheese (control). Commercially available canned pulses provided 250 kcal, and were consumed with macaroni and tomato sauce. FI was measured at a pizza meal 260 min after consumption of the isocaloric meal. BG and appetite were measured from 0 to 340 min. The lentil and yellow pea, but not chickpea, treatments led to lower appetite ratings during the 260 min prepizza meal period, and less FI at the pizza meal, compared with macaroni and cheese (p < 0.05). All pulse treatments lowered BG immediately following consumption (at 20 min) (p < 0.05), but there was no effect of treatment on prepizza meal BG AUC (p = 0.07). Immediately after the pizza meal, BG was lower following the chickpea and lentil treatments, but not the yellow pea treatment (p < 0.05). Postpizza meal BG AUC was lower following the chickpea and lentil treatments than in the yellow pea treatment (p < 0.05). The beneficial effects of consuming a pulse meal on appetite, FI at a later meal, and the BG response to a later meal are dependent on pulse type.

scholarly journals Alpha-ketoglutaric acid ameliorates hyperglycemia in diabetes by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis via serpina1e signaling

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Shu ◽  
Yexian Yuan ◽  
Jia Sun ◽  
Canjun Zhu ◽  
Jinlong Feng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Glucose Homeostasis ◽  
Metabolic Function ◽  
Inhibitory Effects ◽  
Hepatic Gluconeogenesis ◽  
Beneficial Effects

Abstract While resistance exercise effectively improves overall health in diabetic patients, the underlying biological mechanism by which resistance exercise improves metabolic function and glucose homeostasis remain mostly unknown. Previously, we identified a myometabolite-mediated metabolic pathway that is essential for the beneficial effects of resistance exercise on metabolic function. We found that resistance exercise-induced α-ketoglutaric acid (AKG) stimulates muscle hypertrophy and fat loss through 2-oxoglutarate receptor 1 (OXGR1)-dependent adrenal activation. Here, we provided evidence for the beneficial effects of AKG on glucose homeostasis in a diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model, which are independent of OXGR1. We showed that circulating AKG levels are negatively correlated with the fraction of blood glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in both humans and mice and significantly decreased in DIO mice. Consistently, pharmacological elevation of AKG effectively decreased body weight, blood glucose, and hepatic gluconeogenesis without changing insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in DIO mice. Notably, OXGR1KO blocked the inhibitory effects of AKG on body weight but failed to affect AKG’s suppression on blood glucose and hepatic gluconeogenesis, indicating distinct mechanisms for AKG’s regulation on energy balance and glucose homeostasis. In supporting this view, we showed that serpina1e, a member of protease inhibitor serpins superfamily, mediates the direct inhibitory effects of AKG on gluconeogenesis in both in vitro hepatocytes and liver slice. By using a liver-specific serpina1e deletion mouse model, we further demonstrated that liver serpina1e is required for the inhibitory effects of AKG on hepatic gluconeogenesis and hyperglycemia in DIO mice. Finally, we provided in vitro evidence to support a model in which AKG decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis by targeting trimethylation of lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3) in seprina1e promoter region. Our studies established an important role of AKG in glucose homeostasis, and identified the AKG-serpina1e pathway as potential therapeutic targets to attenuate hyperglycemia.

Effect of High and Low Rates of Fluid Intake on Post-exercise Rehydration

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva M.R. Kovacs ◽  
Regina M. Schmahl ◽  
Joan M.G. Senden ◽  
Fred Brouns
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Electrolyte Solution ◽  
Fluid Balance ◽  
Urine Output ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Fluid Consumption ◽  
Post Exercise

The effect of a high (H) and a low (L) rate of post-exercise fluid consumption on plasma volume and fluid balance restoration was investigated. Eight well-trained cyclists were dehydrated at 3% of body weight (BW) by cycling at 28 °C. During the recovery period, they ingested a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution in a volume equivalent to 120% of BW loss. Randomly, they ingested 60%, 40%, and 20% in the 1 st, 2nd, and 3rd hours of the recovery period, respectively (H), or 24% · h−1 during 5 hours (L). BW loss was similar for both trials and resulted in a total drink intake of 2.6 ± 0.1 kg. Urine output in H exceeded significantly that of L in the 2nd and 3rd hours. This was reversed in the 5th and 6th hours. Plasma volume and fluid balance increased more rapidly in H compared to L. After 6 hours this difference disappeared. It is concluded that H results in a faster rate of plasma volume and fluid balance restoration compared to L, despite a temporary large urine output.

Endurance exercise training does not alter lipolytic or adipose tissue blood flow sensitivity to epinephrine

1999 ◽  
Vol 277 (2) ◽  
pp. E325-E331 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey F. Horowitz ◽  
Renata J. Braudy ◽  
Wade H. Martin ◽  
Samuel Klein
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Plasma Epinephrine ◽  
Epinephrine Infusion ◽  
Endurance Exercise Training ◽  
Adipose Tissue Blood Flow ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Epinephrine Concentration

We evaluated the relationship between lipolysis and adipose tissue blood flow (ATBF) in response to epinephrine and the effect of endurance exercise training on these responses. Five healthy untrained men underwent a four-stage incremental epinephrine infusion (0.00125, 0.005, 0.0125, and 0.025 μg ⋅ kg fat free mass−1 ⋅ min−1) plus hormonal clamp before and after 16 wk of cycle ergometry exercise training. Whole body glycerol and free fatty acid (FFA) rates of appearance (Ra) in plasma were determined by stable isotope methodology, and ATBF was assessed by133Xe clearance. After each training session, subjects were fed the approximate number of calories expended during exercise to prevent changes in body weight. Glycerol Ra, FFA Ra, and ATBF increased when plasma epinephrine concentration reached 0.8 nM, but at plasma epinephrine concentrations >1.6 nM ATBF plateaued, whereas lipolysis continued to increase. Exercise training increased peak oxygen uptake by 24 ± 7% (2.9 ± 0.2 vs. 3.6 ± 0.1 l/min; P < 0.05) but did not alter body weight [70.5 ± 3.8 vs. 72.0 ± 3.8 kg; P = nonsignificant (NS)] or percent body fat (18.4 ± 1.6 vs. 17.8 ± 1.9%; P = NS). Lipolytic and ATBF responses to epinephrine were also the same before and after training. We conclude that the lipolytic and ATBF responses to epinephrine are coordinated when plasma epinephrine concentration is ≤1.6 nM, but that at higher epinephrine concentrations, lipolysis continues to increase while ATBF remains constant. Endurance exercise training does not change lipolytic or ATBF sensitivity to epinephrine infusion in vivo during resting conditions.

The Influence of Post-exercise Macronutrient Intake on Energy Balance and Protein Metabolism in Active Females Participating in Endurance Training

2002 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian D. Roy ◽  
Katherine Luttmer ◽  
Michael J. Bosman ◽  
Mark A. Tarnopolsky
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Endurance Exercise ◽  
Nitrogen Balance ◽  
Protein Metabolism ◽  
Young Female ◽  
Cycle Ergometry ◽  
Endurance Athletes ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Post Exercise

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of post-exercise macronutrient intake on weight loss, protein metabolism, and endurance exercise performance during a period of increased training volume. Ten healthy young female endurance athletes performed 4 60-min bouts of cycle ergometry at ~65% of V̇O2peak on 4 days (day 1, 3, 4, and 6) during 2 separate 1-week periods. On day 7. participants performed a ride to exhaustion at ~75% of V̇O2peak. One of the 7-day periods served as a control condition, where a placebo beverage was consumed following the exercise bouts on days 1, 3, 4, and 6 (CON). During the other 7-day protocol (POST), participants consumed a predefined formula beverage with added carbohydrate following the exercise bouts on days 1. 3,4, and 6. Energy intake and macronutrient proportions were the same between the 2 trials; the only difference was the timing at which the macronutrients were consumed. Calculated fat oxidation was greater during exercise on day 6 during POST as compared to CON (p < .05). Glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly higher (p < .05) following exercise during POST as compared to CON. There was a trend (p = .06) for nitrogen balance to be greater on days 5 and 6 with POST as compared to CON. Time to exhaustion during exercise on day 7 was longer during POST as compared to CON (p < .05). POST resulted in a maintenance of body weight during the 7-day protocol, while there was a significant (p < .05) reduction with CON. It was concluded that post-exercise macronutrient intake following endurance exercise can attenuate reductions in body weight and improve nitrogen balance during 7 days of increased energy expenditure. Importantly, post-exercise supplementation improved time to exhaustion during a subsequent bout of endurance exercise.

Runners Greatly Underestimate Sweat Losses Before and After a 1-hr Summer Run

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 353-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric K. O’Neal ◽  
Brett A. Davis ◽  
Lauren K. Thigpen ◽  
Christina R. Caufield ◽  
Anthony D. Horton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Fluid Intake ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Volume Of Fluid ◽  
Estimation Accuracy ◽  
Sweat Loss ◽  
Wet Bulb Globe Temperature ◽  
Loss Calculation ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Globe Temperature

The purpose of this study was to determine how accurately runners estimate their sweat losses. Male (n = 19) and female (n = 20) runners (41 ± 10 yr, VO2max 57 ± 9 ml · kg−1 · min−1) from the southeastern U.S. completed an ~1-hr run during late summer on a challenging outdoor road course (wet bulb globe temperature 24.1 ± 1.5 °C). Runs began at ~6:45 a.m. or p.m. Before and after running, participants filled race-aid-station paper cups with a volume of fluid they felt would be equivalent to their sweat losses. Total sweat losses and losses by percent body weight differed (p < .01) between men (1,797 ± 449 ml, 2.3% ± 0.6%) and women (1,155 ± 258 ml, 1.9% ± 0.4%). Postrun estimates (738 ± 470 ml) were lower (p < .001) than sweat losses (1,468 ± 484 ml), equaling underestimations of 50% ± 23%, with no differences in estimation accuracy by percentage between genders. Runners who reported measuring changes in pre- and postrun weight to assess sweat losses within the previous month (n = 9, –54% ± 18%) were no more accurate (p = .55) than runners who had not (n = 30, –48% ± 24%). These results suggest that inadequate fluid intake during runs or between runs may stem from underestimations of sweat losses and that runners who do assess sweat-loss changes may be making sweat-loss calculation errors or do not accurately translate changes in body weight to physical volumes of water.

An Aggregate Urine Analysis Tool to Detect Acute Dehydration

2013 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Hahn ◽  
Nana Waldréus
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Reference Curve ◽  
Urine Sampling ◽  
Urine Color ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Exercise Induced

Purpose:Urine sampling has previously been evaluated for detecting dehydration in young male athletes. The present study investigated whether urine analysis can serve as a measure of dehydration in men and women of a wide age span.Methods:Urine sampling and body weight measurement were undertaken before and after recreational physical exercise (median time: 90 min) in 57 volunteers age 17–69 years (mean age: 42). Urine analysis included urine color, osmolality, specific gravity, and creatinine.Results:The volunteers’ body weight decreased 1.1% (mean) while they exercised. There were strong correlations between all 4 urinary markers of dehydration (r = .73–.84, p < .001). Researchers constructed a composite dehydration index graded from 1 to 6 based on these markers. This index changed from 2.70 before exercising to 3.55 after exercising, which corresponded to dehydration of 1.0% as given by a preliminary reference curve based on 7 previous studies in athletes. Men were slightly dehydrated at baseline (mean: 1.9%) compared with women (mean: 0.7%; p < .001), though age had no influence on the results. A final reference curve that considered both the present results and the 7 previous studies was constructed in which exercise-induced weight loss (x) was predicted by the exponential equation x = 0.20 dehydration index1.86.Conclusion:Urine sampling can be used to estimate weight loss due to dehydration in adults up to age 70. A robust dehydration index based on four indicators reduces the influence of confounders.

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