PERIPHERAL PLASMA LEVELS OF 17α-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE DURING HUMAN PREGNANCY

1972 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 765-772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tore H:son Holmdahl ◽  
Elof D. B. Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Peripheral plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone* were measured during normal human pregnancy. During the first trimester measurements of peripheral plasma progesterone were also included. Five cases of early pregnancies were followed with frequent blood-sampling until the 14th week of gestation. In one of the women daily blood samples were collected from 10 days prior to conception until the beginning of the 6th week. From the 18th week on, a total of 173 blood-samples were obtained from individual patients. During the 7th week the average plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone reached a maximum of 3.7 ng per ml followed by a gradual decline. From week 14 to week 34 the mean level was around 0.5 ng per ml. Thereafter an increase towards term was noted with a mean plasma level of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone of about 2 ng per ml in week 40. Peripheral plasma progesterone decreased from a mean level of 27.0 ng per ml in week 5 to reach a nadir of 16.0 ng per ml in weeks 8 and 9 followed by a gradual increase. No correlation between the plasma levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and the clinical outcome of pregnancy could be demonstrated.

PLASMA 20α-DIHYDROPROGESTERONE, PROGESTERONE AND 17-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE IN NORMAL HUMAN PREGNANCY

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 634-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Florensa ◽  
Robert Harrison ◽  
Michael Johnson ◽  
Ezat Youssefnejadian
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Concentration ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
First Trimester Of Pregnancy ◽  
The Mean ◽  
17 Hydroxyprogesterone

ABSTRACT The peripheral plasma levels of 20α-dihydroprogesterone (20α-DHP), progesterone (P) and 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP) were measured by radioimmuoassay techniques in 440 samples during normal human pregnancy between weeks 4 and 41. The levels of 20α-DHP in plasma from the 4th to the 6th week were between 6.0 and 6.6 ng/ml. From then until the 21st week the average plasma 20α-DHP concentrations remained at the same level between 4.0 and 6.3 ng/ml; they then rose significantly to and beyond term, levels reaching over 40 ng/ml. The range of mean plasma concentration of P during the first trimester of pregnancy fell to a nadir in the 9th week (170 ng/ml) then rose with increased gestation until the 39th week (190.4 ng/ml) followed by a slight and not significant drop. Single measurements of plasma 17-OHP from the 4th to the 6th week of pregnancy gave value between 2.8 and 3.6 ng/ml, but from the 7th week the mean plasma 17-OHP levels gradually declined, then from week 30 the 17-OHP concentration increased to reach a mean level of 7.63 ng/ml in the 41st week. The ratio P/20α-DHP increased from the 4th (3.5:1) to the 24th week (15.6:1) and then decreased from the 25th week (7.9:1) towards term (3.2:1).

THE EFFECT OF PREGNANCY, OVARIECTOMY AND PARTURITION ON PLASMA PROGESTERONE LEVEL IN SHEEP

1970 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Fylling
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Progesterone Level ◽  
Maximum Plasma ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Marked Decline ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Twin Pregnancies

ABSTRACT In sheep a gradual increase in the progesterone* level in peripheral plasma was observed during pregnancy. The maximum plasma levels were reached at about day 140, the mean value in two ewes, each carrying one lamb being 13.2 ng/ml, and in four twin pregnancies 20.0 ng/ml. During the last week of pregnancy a marked decline in plasma progesterone levels in all the intact animals was observed with a mean value of 2.1 ng/ml at parturition. Following ovariectomy the increase in plasma progesterone in advancing stages of pregnancy which has been observed in intact animals, was blocked. In the ovariectomized animals too a decrease in plasma progesterone levels prior to parturition was demonstrated.

PROPRANOLOL-BLOCKADE OF VASOPRESSIN INDUCED INCREASE IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN EARLY HUMAN PREGNANCY

1971 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 283-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Fylling
Keyword(s):  
Cyclic Amp ◽  
Uterine Cervix ◽  
Adenosine Monophosphate ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Blocking Agent ◽  
Simultaneous Administration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Early Human

ABSTRACT Following continuous dilation of the uterine cervix or intravenous infusion of vasopressin during the first trimester of human pregnancy, a marked increase in the peripheral plasma progesterone levels was observed. This effect was blocked by simultaneous administration of propranolol (Inderal®), a β-blocking agent. It is suggested that both these stimulating and inhibiting effects might be related to 3′, 5′-adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP). The results indicate the existence of β-receptors in steroid producing tissues.

Plasma concentration of atrial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide during normal human pregnancy and the postpartum period

1994 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
pp. 393-397 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Yoshimura ◽  
M Yoshimura ◽  
H Yasue ◽  
M Ito ◽  
H Okamura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Natriuretic Peptide ◽  
Blood Volume ◽  
Postpartum Period ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Term Pregnancy ◽  
Assay Sensitivity ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Normal Human

Abstract Increases in blood volume are observed during normal gestation and these are reversed shortly after delivery. Although both atrial (A-type) natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain (B-type) natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been described, the role of these peptides in pregnancy and the postpartum period are unclear. This study was designed to examine the effects of pregnancy, labour and delivery on plasma levels of ANP and BNP. Plasma levels of ANP and BNP were determined during normal pregnancy, 30 min after separation of the placenta (immediately postpartum) and between 5 and 72 h postpartum (late postpartum; puerperium). Since the assay sensitivity was 20 pg/ml plasma (for both ANP and BNP), values less than this were assigned a value of 20 pg/ml to calculate means. Plasma levels of ANP and BNP were significantly higher at term pregnancy than during the first trimester (ANP increased from 20 ± 0·2 to 57 ± 10 pg/ml (s.e.m.), P<0·001; BNP increased from 25 ± 2 to 49 ± 9 pg/ml, P<0·01). The plasma level of ANP then rose to 157 ± 38 pg/ml 30 min after separation of the placenta, being significantly (P<0·01) higher than that seen at term pregnancy. It declined significantly (P<0·001) to 32 ± 3 pg/ml in the late postpartum period. In contrast, the plasma level of BNP 30 min after separation of the placenta was 80 ± 25 pg/ml, and increased to 116 ± 17 pg/ml in the late postpartum period, significantly (P<0·01) higher than the level at term pregnancy. We conclude that ANP and BNP may play a role in controlling blood volume during normal human pregnancy at term and during transition to the postpartum period. Changes in ANP immediately postpartum and BNP in the later postpartum period appear to be differentially regulated. Journal of Endocrinology (1994) 140, 393–397

DEXAMETHASONE OR PROPRANOLOL BLOCKADE OF INDUCED INCREASE IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN EARLY HUMAN PREGNANCY

1973 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petter Fylling
Keyword(s):  
Adrenergic Receptor ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
The Other ◽  
Simultaneous Administration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Receptor Sites ◽  
Early Human

ABSTRACT Following continuous intravenous infusion of vasopressin or theophyllamine during the first trimester of human pregnancy, a marked increase in the peripheral plasma progesterone levels was observed. By simultaneous administration of propranolol the vasopressin effect was blocked, but not that of theophyllamine. When dexamethasone was infused, the incremental response of both vasopressin and theophyllamine was blocked or reduced. The present results may indicate that propranolol exerts its inhibitory effect on the steroidogenesis at the β-adrenergic receptor sites. Dexamethasone, on the other hand, seems to act distal to the β-receptors probably by direct interference with steroidogenesis.

Pattern of plasma progesterone, oestradiol-17β, luteinizing hormone and androgen in non-pregnant buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)

1982 ◽  
Vol 100 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Arora ◽  
R. S. Pandey
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Peak Level ◽  
Systemic Circulation ◽  
Bubalus Bubalis ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Androgen Level ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels

Abstract. Domestic buffaloes were used to characterize the pattern of progesterone, oestradiol-17β, LH and androgen in the systemic circulation following infertile insemination. Concentrations of hormones were measured by RIA in blood samples collected daily or at alternate days following insemination. The concentration of progesterone was lowest on the day of insemination, and increased significantly to a peak level of 4.00 ± 0.60 ng/ml by day 13 post insemination. After day 17, it declined significantly (P < 0.01) to reach low levels by day 21. The concentration of oestradiol-17β was high at the time of insemination and declined significantly (P < 0.01) by day 2 after insemination. It was maintained around the basal level till day 18 with minor peaks in between this period. It again rose significantly (P < 0.01) at subsequent oestrus. The mean level of LH was highest at the time of insemination, and declined significantly (P < 0.01) by day 1 post insemination. It did not vary appreciably till the animal returned to oestrus. The oestrous value of LH and progesterone were negatively correlated (r = −0.77). The androgen level was observed to be high at insemination in 3 out of 5 animals, but the overall pattern of this steroid was inconsistent during the period studied. A high concentration of androgen was recorded in all the animals from day 2–5 before the onset of oestrus.

SECRETION OF DIHYDROTESTOSTERONE BY HUMAN PROSTATE IN BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY

1974 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 401-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Mahoudeau ◽  
A. Delassalle ◽  
H. Bricaire
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy ◽  
Prostatic Hypertrophy ◽  
Human Prostate ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Peripheral Plasma ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT Plasma levels of testosterone (T) and 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) were determined by radioimmunoassay in 29 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and in 56 control men of various ages. No significant difference was found in T, DHT nor DHT/T ratio between BPH and control subjects of similar age. Plasma DHT was higher in the prostatic than in the peripheral veins in 8/9 patients with BPH during laparotomy, indicating a prostatic secretion of DHT. No difference in the mean T nor the mean DHT was found in peripheral plasma before and after adenomectomy.

Calcium-regulating hormones and parathyroid hormone-related peptide in normal human pregnancy and postpartum: a longitudinal study

1997 ◽  
pp. 402-409 ◽  
Author(s):  
MS Ardawi ◽  
HA Nasrat ◽  
HS BA'Aqueel
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Second Trimester ◽  
Human Pregnancy ◽  
Pregnancy And Postpartum ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Parathyroid Hormone Related Peptide

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate calcium-regulating hormones and parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) in normal human pregnancy and postpartum in women not deficient in vitamin D. DESIGN: A prospective longitudinal study was conducted in pregnant Saudi women during the course of pregnancy (n = 40), at term and 6 weeks postpartum (n = 18). Maternal concentrations of serum calcidiol and calcitriol were determined, together with those of serum intact-parathyroid hormone (PTH), PTHrP, calcitonin, osteocalcin, human placental lactogen (hPL), prolactin, vitamin D binding protein, alkaline phosphatase, calcium, phosphate and magnesium. A group of non-pregnant women (n = 280) were included for comparative purposes. RESULTS: The calcidiol concentrations decreased (mean +/- S.D.) significantly from 54 +/- 10 nmol/l in the first trimester to 33 +/- 8 nmol/l in the third trimester (P < 0.001) and remained decreased at term and postpartum (both P < 0.001). The calcitriol concentration increased through pregnancy, from 69 +/- 17 pmol/l in the first trimester to 333 +/- 83 pmol/l at term (P < 0.001). Intact-PTH concentrations increased from 1.31 +/- 0.25 pmol/l in the first trimester to 2.26 +/- 0.39 pmol/l in the second trimester, but then declined to values of the first trimester and increased significantly postpartum (4.02 +/- 0.36 pmol/l) (P < 0.001). PTHrP concentration increased through pregnancy from 0.81 +/- 0.12 pmol/l in the first trimester to 2.01 +/- 0.22 pmol/l at term and continued its increase postpartum (2.63 +/- 0.15 pmol/l) (P < 0.001). Significant positive correlations were evident between PTHrP and alkaline phosphatase up to term (r = 0.051, P < 0.001) and between PTHrP and calcitriol (r = 0.46, P < 0.001), osteocalcin (r = 0.23, P < 0.05) and prolactin (r = 0.41, P < 0.05) during pregnancy. Osteocalcin started to increase from 0.13 +/- 0.01 nmol/l in the second trimester, through pregnancy and postpartum (P < 0.001). Calcitonin was increased more than twofold by the second trimester compared with the first trimester (P < 0.001) and subsequently decreased (P < 0.001). Prolactin concentrations were significantly greater in the second (6724 +/- 1459 pmol/l) and third (8394 +/- 2086 pmol/l) trimesters compared with values before pregnancy (P < 0.001). hPL, increased throughout the course of pregnancy, reaching a maximum at term (7.61 +/- 2.57 microIU/ml). There was no direct correlation between serum calcitriol concentrations during pregnancy and serum prolactin (r = -0.12, P < 0.19) or serum hPL (r = 0.17, P < 0.21). Significant changes were observed in the serum concentrations of calcium and phosphate, but not in that of magnesium, during the course of pregnancy; calcium concentrations showed a maximal decrease at term. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in serum PTHrP during the course of pregnancy, at term and postpartum have been demonstrated, suggesting that the placenta (during pregnancy) and mammary glands (postpartum) are the main sources of PTHrP. No support for the concept of 'physiological hyperparathyroidism' of pregnancy could be demonstrated in the present work. The pregnancy-induced increase in calcitriol concentration may thus be the primary mediator of the changes in maternal calcium metabolism, but the involvement of other factors cannot be excluded.

Inhibin immunoneutralization by antibodies raised against synthetic peptide sequences of inhibin α subunit: effects on gonadotrophin concentrations and ovulation rate in sheep

1990 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. M. Wrathall ◽  
B. J. McLeod ◽  
R. G. Glencross ◽  
A. J. Beard ◽  
P. G. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Synthetic Peptide ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Ovulation Rate ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Antigenic Properties ◽  
N Terminus ◽  
The Mean

ABSTRACT Two experiments were conducted to explore the effectiveness of synthetic peptide-based vaccines for active and passive autoimmunization of sheep against inhibin. In the first experiment, adult Romney ewes (n = 20) were actively immunized against a synthetically produced peptide that corresponded to the N-terminus of the α-subunit of bovine inhibin (bIα(1–29)-Tyr30). This peptide was conjugated to tuberculin purified protein derivative (PPD) to increase its antigenic properties. Control groups comprised non-immunized (n = 10) and PPD-immunized (n = 10) ewes. Primary immunization (400 μg conjugate/ewe) was followed by two booster immunizations (200 μg conjugate/ewe), given 5 and 8 weeks later. Following synchronization of oestrus using progestagen sponges, ovulation rates were assessed by laparoscopy. Weekly blood samples were taken throughout the experiment. All inhibin-immunized ewes produced antibodies which bound 125I-labelled bovine inhibin (Mr 32 000), and ovulation rate in inhibin-immunized ewes (2·15 ± 0·22; mean ± s.e.m.) was significantly (P<0·01) greater than in both non-immunized (0·90 ± 0·23) and PPD-immunized (1·20 ± 0·13) control groups. Immunization against the peptide, but not against PPD alone, resulted in a modest rise in plasma FSH, with mean levels after the second boost being significantly (P<0·025) higher (22%) than those before immunization. Moreover, when blood samples were taken (2-h intervals) from randomly selected groups of control (n = 7) and inhibin-immunized (n = 7) ewes for an 84-h period following withdrawal of progestagen sponges, the mean plasma concentration of FSH during the 48 h immediately before the preovulatory LH surge was 37% greater (P< 0·025) in immunized than in control animals. However, more frequent blood sampling (every 15 min for 12 h) during follicular and mid-luteal phases of the oestrous cycle revealed no significant differences between treatment groups in mean plasma concentrations of FSH. In addition, neither mean concentrations of LH nor the frequency and amplitude of LH episodes differed between immunized and control ewes. However, the mean response of LH to a 2 μg bolus of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone, given during the luteal phase, was significantly (P<0·05) less in immunized than in control ewes. These findings indicate that active immunization of Romney ewes against a synthetic fragment of inhibin can promote a controlled increase in ovulation rate, but this response cannot be unequivocally related to an increase in plasma levels of FSH. In the second experiment, passive immunization of seasonally anoestrous ewes (mule × Suffolk crossbred; n = 6 per group) against inhibin, using an antiserum raised in sheep against a synthetic peptide corresponding to the N-terminus of the α-subunit of human inhibin promoted a rapid (<3 h), dose-dependent rise in plasma levels of FSH which remained increased (2·5-fold; P<0·001) for up to 30 h. Plasma concentrations of LH, however, were unaffected by treatment with the antiserum. It is deduced from this observation that, even in the seasonally anoestrous ewe, the ovary secretes physiologically active levels of inhibin, which exert an inhibitory action on the synthesis and secretion of FSH. Journal of Endocrinology (1990) 124, 167–176

PLASMA PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN CYCLING AND GONADOTROPHIN–PROSTAGLANDIN-TREATED HEIFERS

1976 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. RAJAMAHENDRAN ◽  
P. C. LAGUË ◽  
R. D. BAKER
Keyword(s):  
Peak Level ◽  
Ovarian Activity ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
The Mean

Progesterone levels were estimated by radioimmunoassay in blood samples obtained by venipuncture on the day of estrus and every alternate day until the onset of the next estrus in eight cycling dairy heifers. The mean level of progesterone was < 1 ng/ml during the first 2 days of the cycle, increased rapidly over the 4th–12th day period and reached a peak level value of 5.2 ± 1.1 ng/ml on day 14. Thereafter, the level declined rapidly to 2.6 ± 0.6 ng/ml on day 16 and then more gradually to 0.4 ± 0.1 ng/ml on day 21. In the second experiment, eight cycling heifers at diestrus were treated with gonadotrophin (2,000 IU PMSG or 1,000 IU PMSG + 1,000 IU HCG) followed 48 h later by 15 mg prostaglandin (PGF2α). Mid-ventral laparotomies were performed 4 days after the onset of estrus to observe ovarian activity. Progesterone levels were considerably higher in some animals and were slightly higher on the average after gonadotrophin treatments. The number of corpora lutea (CL) in these heifers ranged from 1 to 17. Progesterone levels of three heifers with 4–9 CL did not differ (P > 0.05) from those of three heifers with single CL. Two heifers each with 17 CL had peak progesterone levels of 38.4 and 27.8 ng/ml which were still high (9.6 and 26.5 ng/ml) by day 21. The remaining six heifers had low progesterone levels (< 1 ng/ml) by days 8–14, indicating premature regression of the CL. Thus, progesterone levels were not correlated with the number of CL.

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